Human Milk Versus The Motherly Instinct And Traditional...

Scientific medicine blamed mothers for both infantile disease and mortality, yet also â€Å"devalued motherly instinct and traditional knowledge†(Apple 167) comparing motherhood to a profession, stating that they needed to learn how to raise their children through the advice of a physician. Consumerism, child-care journals and woman s magazine s were all leading proponents from the late 19th century onward convincing mothers to buy a product which was not only â€Å"good for their baby† but also â€Å"recommended† by a doctor, such as finding an alternative to human milk versus the motherly instinct of breastfeeding. Mother s were essentially guilted into scientific motherhood. Product ads had stressed â€Å"the importance of scientific advice† (Apple 171) and were compelled to change the ways in which they raised their children because of the â€Å"perfect mother† pitch that was widely used. Young girls also received instructions in practica l child-care in school curriculum, such as the Little Mother s Club or Homemaking Clubs and, in turn, these young girls would instruct their mother s about scientific motherhood. Through the age s women who did not have the ability to procreate were often looked down upon from society and would not be considered a medical condition until the 19th century. In medievel England, an infertile woman was considered a witch and therefore punished to death for it with similar viewpoints expressed in Colonial America. Colonial America â€Å"viewed

1994 Mexican Currency Crisis - 4565 Words

The purpose of this report is to analyse the reasons for, the impact of, and the measures taken in response to the Mexican currency crisis of 1994-1995. The first objective is to assess the reasons for the crisis. Why did Mexico, a once immensely desirable investment destination become the bain of the international financial community following December 1994? The second and chief objective is to assess the impact of the crisis on the foreign exchange and stock markets. The report answers why the crisis adversely affected the Latin American market indices while the US market indices continued to rise. The third objective is to analyse the measures taken in response to the crisis by the Mexican Government and other international†¦show more content†¦The Mexican Government, in protecting its managed float, lost a further US$11billion in reserves over the following month (Joseph Whitt 1996). Throughout 1994, Mexico lost significant amounts of reserves trying to stabilise the exchange rate. In 1989 the current account deficit was US$6 billion; by 1991 it had grown to US$15billion, before swelling to approximately US$20billion 1992 and 1993. However, after losing US$1.5billion in reserves over three days in early December 1994, the Government decided to depreciate the Peso by approximately 15%. Within days the Peso plummeted in value as the Government abandoned its new peg, sending the country into the 1994 Mexico financial crisis (Joseph Whitt 1996). As the Mexican’s government access to the international credit market started to diminish, so did the investors’ confidence in their ability to redeem their investments in government backed Tesobonos bonds. Tesobonos are bonds issued by the Bank of Mexico, marketed predominantly to foreign investors and to be repaid in US$. The dollar denominated bonds which were due to mature in 1995 were unlikely to be repaid in full ($10 billion worth of Tesobonos were to mature in the first quarter of 1995 followed by $19 billion worth before the end of 2005) (JR, 1996 Arner, n.d). These two factors, the devaluation of the exchange rate in conjunction with the impending default ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Economic Impact of the Mexican Peso Crisis1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1994, the world saw the decline of the Mexican Peso, leading to what is now considered as the Mexican Peso Crisis. The crisis was characterized by the drastic decline in the value of the Mexican Peso. The Mexican Peso Crisis is considered significant because of its impact on other parts of the region, including Brazil. The following is a discussion of the causes and impact of the Mexican Peso Crisis. 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Currency ETF s are purchased to track most international currencies including the U.S. Dollars, Canadian dolla rs, and Mexican peso. Currency ETF s aim to replicate movements in currency in the foreign exchange market by holding currencies either directly or through currency-denominated short-term debt instruments. Launched in 1996 the iShares MSCI MexicoRead MoreSwot Analysis : Latin America1265 Words   |  6 PagesETFs, investors have found it very easy and relatively inexpensive to trade currency ETFs in order to take advantage of fluctuations between currencies. Currency ETFs can be purchased to track most international currencies including the U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, and Mexican peso. Currency ETFs aim to replicate movements in currency in the foreign exchange market by holding currencies either directly or through currency-denominated short-term debt instruments. 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It was the first currency to use a distinct border and precise weight to guard against counterfeits, which made it exceptionally well known. The peso had been at 12.5 to 1 dollar for around 22 years, from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, the Mexican peso de creased from 12.5 pesos to 1 dollarRead MoreLeaving Mexico To Fin For Its Self Even With All The Debt1373 Words   |  6 Pagesfin for its self even with all the debt it owes was not part of the United States plans. They organized a way where they not only benefited but help dragged Mexico out of the mess they made. By teaming with two of the most powerful nations in world Mexicans would be able to grab hold or its own country and form a Mexico is a middle-class. businesses. As a result, modern Mexico is a middle-class country (Steffan, 2017). The World Bank estimates that some 95 percent of Mexico s population is in the middleRead MoreNorth American Free Trade Agreement1776 Words   |  8 Pagesimplemented January 1, 1994 with the purpose to encourage economic activity among the member countries. At the time, it established the largest free trade region in the world and included the elimination of tariffs, agreements on trades in services, and a dispute settlement mechanism for trade disagreements. NAFTA was highly controversial at the time, with many Canadian and American labor leaders expressing concern that many manufacturing jobs would be relocated to Mexican factories due to the low

Community Health Critical Reflection and the Learning Organization

Question: Discuss about the Community Health for Critical Reflection and the Learning Organization. Answer: 1. Social determinants of health are conditions where people live, work, grow, born, age and includes the wider set of systems and forces that shape the daily life conditions. The systems and forces include the systems and economic policies social norms, development agendas, political systems and social policies. Experiencing the living conditions shape the health of a population rather than the lifestyle choices and medical treatments. A social determinant of health perspective is a view point that investigates and justifies the health condition of an individual or a group. Various factors are responsible for shaping the health and experiencing the living conditions that form the perspective. Decisions of the government in the public policy domains are also responsible for shaping the living conditions (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). The income that an individual receives through social assistance, family benefits and employment determines the availability and quality of affordable hous ing, recreational opportunities and social and health services that determine the living experience. From the perspectives of high levels of psychological and physiological stress, people suffer from adverse material and social living conditions. The prime reasons for these stressful living conditions are poor quality of housing, low income, inadequate working conditions, low income and insecure employment. Stress is further increased by mistrust, social isolation and supportive relationships and leads to prolonged biological reactions straining the physical body. Implications of policies should focus on the problem source for reducing stress and improving the conditions of living experience for the people by the decision makers and the elected representatives (Suhrcke Kenkel, 2015). The perspectives of income are the most important social determinant of health and the income level shapes the overall condition of living by affecting the psychological and physiological functions. Basic prerequisites of health like housing and food security are the social determinants of health that are determined by income. Lower income population is often faced by material and social deprivation and this makes them unable to afford the basic prerequisites. This also leads to the social exclusion of the people and they fail to participate in the recreational, educational and cultural activities. Consequently, it affects the health and reduces their ability to perform (McMurray Clendon, 2011). Policy makers and government need to address this concern by increasing the wage levels and providing support to the disadvantaged individual or group. Reducing income inequalities is also another effective step for improving the overall community health. Education forms another important social determinant of health perspective and more educated the people, more healthy they tend to be. Education level is connected and correlated with the various social determinants of health like working conditions, employment security and income levels. It becomes easier to raise the socioeconomic ladder with higher education for getting access to the economic and societal resources. When the literacy rate is increased, the understanding of self-promotion of health develops (Pockett Beddoe, 2015). People develop sophisticated skills and attain the understanding regarding the beneficial and harmful factors of health. Policy makers, therefore, should focus on developing a curriculum for the school students so that consciousness for a healthy life is attained at an early age. Support should also be provided to the underprivileged children who cannot afford schooling. 2. The society is benefited by taking action on a social determinant of health perspective in improving the health and wellbeing of the community. Since the social determinants of health can be viewed from various perspectives, it can be said that from each perspective, the society is benefited by taking action on them. From the perspective of stress, it is evident that physiological and psychological stress leads to straining of the mind and body (Marmot et al., 2012). Chronic stress leads to prolonged biological reactions and chances of recovery diminish under such circumstances. Therefore, to avoid diseases of the immune system and cardiovascular system, action has to be taken to reduce the stress. This can be done by improving the living experiences of the people by practicing healthy eating habits and taking up physical leisure activities (Chambers Walker, 2012). Healthy eating habits provide the energy to cope up with the daily stress and healthy living programs enhance the qu ality of life of the individuals. Taking up of physical leisure activities promotes the de-stressing and therefore, taking up of drugs is avoided for relieving the stress symptoms. All these factors enhance the living experience and therefore, a healthy community is developed. The perspective of income is the most important social determinant of health and therefore, influences the most in determining the health of the community. Meeting the basic prerequisites of health can greatly influence the health of the community and therefore taking action on this perspective can be beneficial for the society. Income inequality has been the biggest factor for issuing the health of the people based on income and balancing the income of the people can bring about a positive change. Progressive taxation can be an effective way to bring about the income inequality and this can bring equal health in the community by promoting the living experience (Keleher, 2011). Enhancing the levels of assistance and increasing the minimum wage of the people who are disabled or unable to work can benefit their health by coming out of their disadvantage. The educational perspective of social determinant of health is not only beneficial for the society in terms of earning bigger income, but also helps them to practice better and healthy living habits. Higher education facilitates to acquire greater knowledge on self-care practices and avoids the chances of getting indulged in poor health conditions. Therefore, action has to be taken to improve the educational status of the community as higher literacy rate is directly related to better living experiences. More resources are gained and greater ability is achieved with higher education and it is of paramount importance to attain healthier lifestyles (Benach et al., 2014). Taking the action at the school level education will be beneficial as it will be helpful for the individuals from an early age. In addition, appropriate arrangements for the schooling and higher education of the children of low-income families has to be done to promote the health improvement program at all levels of th e community and building up a healthier society devoid of illness. 3. The public health approach to healthcare is a powerful and unique way to address and perceive the local and national issues of health. It deals with the entire community and is focused on the health and wellbeing of the community dwellers. It includes interventions that are population based and aims at preventing an issue or health condition by limiting disability and death. The public health approach to healthcare has a number of roles and responsibilities that involve assessment, policy development and assurance. Assessment is the statistical analysis of the health status of a community by collecting data on the health problem (Drummond et al., 2015). Policy development involves the implementation of the scientific knowledge in the process of decision making and assurance makes sure that appropriate health services are received by the community dwellers. Social work is of utmost importance in public health response and this can be justified by citing two examples of public health where social work plays a pivotal role. Two of the cases where social workers play a major role are the prevention and transmission of HIV/AIDS disease and promoting the health of the aged population. HIV/AIDS is recognized as a global pandemic that has affected the communities and its dwellers worldwide and exerts economic and social implications (Baldwin, 2016). Social workers help to tackle the epidemic and counsel the patients suffering from HIV infection. Intervention is conducted by estimating the crisis of the situation by providing case management philosophies. They serve to educate the general population and the groups that are at high risk to develop the disease for reducing the risk of the infection. Social workers support the implementation and development of the health management programs including the prevention and educational strategies for m eeting the requirements of the HIV-infected patients (Shelby, Aronstein Thompson, 2014). They are responsible for advocating the lobby for just and equitable distribution of the available resources, support structures and services and provision of the essential medications. The aged population needs care for living a healthy life and social workers help them to stay independent and mobile. This in return increases the quality of life for the individual and their family. They provide referral services, counseling and assessment for the promotion of health in various settings for healthy living experiences of the older adults. They act to increase the research alliances and information sharing. Test interventions are implemented for improving the quality of life and ensuring better health for the older adults. They advocate the maintenance and development of the infrastructures of the community for safe accommodation of the older adults. This helps them to mobilize and get socially engaged that promotes their physiological and psychological state of health. Community competence is improved by the social workers that eventually helps the older population to enhance their health literacy and supports them to practice healthy behaviors (Payne, 2014). Social workers also work towards community management for making the community a better place to live for the seniors. They work to reduce the potential barriers for the elderly existing in the neighborhood for the promotion of healthy aging like insufficient external lightings and poor condition of roads and paths. References Baldwin, M. (2016).Social work, critical reflection and the learning organization. Routledge. Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health.Public Health,35(1), 229. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public Health Reports,129. Chambers, A.H. Walker, R. (2012). Introduction to health promotion. In P. Liamputtong, R. Fanany G. Verrinder (Eds.). Health, illness and well-being (pp. 107-124). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Keleher, H. (2011). Public health. In H. Keleher C. MacDougall (Eds.). Understanding health (3rd ed., pp. 17-32) South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R., Bloomer, E., Goldblatt, P. (2012). WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide.The Lancet,380(9846), 1011-1029. McMurray, A. Clendon, J. (2011). Community health and wellness: A socio-ecological approach (4th ed). Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier (pp. 5-27) Payne, M. (2014).Modern social work theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Pockett, R., Beddoe, L. (2015). Social work in health care: An international perspective. International Social Work Shelby, R. D., Aronstein, D. M., Thompson, B. J. (2014).HIV and social work: A practitioner's guide. Routledge. Suhrcke, M., Kenkel, D. (2015). Social determinants of health: early childhood development and education.Promoting Health, Preventing Disease The Economic Case: The Economic Case, 237.

next time Review Essay Example

next time Review Paper Essay on next time The process of reading this book was very unusual it was revealed not as I expected from the analysis of the perception of the speech mannerisms of fashionable writer to art history subtleties described in the novel, etc. to the reading of thoughts that are close to me, and finally, to a sense of order, it OVERTIME book. It seems to be described by our time, our realities, but, if we discard all the faxes, planes, e-mails and other modern signs, the plunge is not something in the atmosphere of the 30-ies of 20 th century, not in the age of 19 (parallel to the novel line ), not during the Renaissance read lines of Florence and see its roof and dome, you hear the chirping of birds, the human hubbub, smell the hot Italian sun. London and the rain and fog, and a rare gentle sun all this subtle brushstrokes invisible eye of the viewer to the narrative canvas It is amazing.! Beyond words! Infinite book. Sad but joyful. Book of Mystery and book-opening. The quintessence of all, what I believe (permeating art .. music .. paints boundless love, which knows no barriers of time and death .. kinship reincarnation .. ..) and a source of new understanding soul can be quenched, to dwindle, but they can also move to the heights of life, carrying and protecting love The death -. it is the door to a new life. This brief farewell before the meeting. A life is inexhaustible memory of the past, giving the present in the hope of the future We will write a custom essay sample on next time Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on next time Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on next time Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Subtle jasmine scent penetrates the chest Dim lights autumn lifts moire canopy over the new spring .