Shared and Non-Shared Events

Events, using a psychological approach, could either be shared or non-shared. Based on the denotation of shared and the non, one might have a pretty good idea of what the terms actually mean. One thing is for sure, though; apparently, not all events can be shared, which somehow contradicts one connotation of the word event. At any rate, this paper would define and differentiate shared and non-shared events as much as the author knows it. Shared EventsIn order to understand what the term means without the use of complex psychology books, we should make do with just the bare words themselves defined separately: Shared is the past tense of share, which means to allow joint access to a particular thing or concept. Anything can practically be shared—even personal things, if it is within one’s hygienic tolerance. An event, meanwhile, is anything happening. So, combining the two definitions, we would get anything happening that is experienced by not just a single person therefore, our bare definition of a shared event is formed.Adding the subject of psychology, a shared event is something that is experienced by all parties involved, but its significance impacts those of not just by one person but all those involved in the event. Non-Shared Events Since the definition of shared events is already established, we only need to define the word non in order to get our full definition of a non-shared event. The word non is an adverb that signifies that the word following it should be regarded as the contrary.Therefore a non-shared event is exactly the opposite of a shared event, which brings us to a definition of anything happening that is experienced by just a single person. Again, from a psychological perspective, we get â€Å"something happening, whose impact only affects one individual. Examples of Shared Events There are many examples of a shared event. A good and timely example is none other than the current economic crisis. Is it an event? Check. Does it affect those involved? Check.The current economic crisis, call it recession if you must, is definitely a shared event, not only because it is an event (a big one at that), but also because virtually everybody is affected. Employees are either losing jobs or losing benefits, investors are losing their business, and families are giving up their homes. Another example of a shared event is a regional disaster—they could either be natural disasters or man-made. Hurricanes, earthquakes, forest fires, and floods are just some of examples of regional disasters that are shared by everyone who happened to be in the area where it took place.Election is another shared event that impacts the population, as the outcome of an election could determine the future of a nation. Examples of Non-Shared Events There are also a number of examples for non-shared events. A person who gets himself or herself into an accident alone is one example. However, if that person is the provider for a family, his or her accident can be considered as a shared event, as that person’s accident would cause his or her family to be affected financially by the accident.The same it true with a person who gets sick. If he lives alone or if his inactivity does not affect the welfare of the family, his sickness would be considered a non-shared event. Otherwise, it is a shared event. Relationship events outside of the family is also an example of a non-shared event—other family members do not necessarily have to get involved in relationship matters outside of their circle (Eley & Stevenson, 2000).

Consumer Culture Is Central to Understanding Contemporary Identities Essay

As the title suggests, this essay is going to discuss, to what extent does consumer culture affect contemporary identities. In today’s society consumer culture is everywhere and we would probably not be able to survive without it. It became such an important part of our lives that some people even build their carrier around it. Most businesses in modern societies, all around the world work as successfully as they do, simply because people became consumers and they buy their products. This essay is first going to look at why this change of attitude occurred and how exactly it brought about consumer culture. This will lead us onto how exactly consumer culture works and how it affects consumers. To answer the question fully, we will also look at the two view points on this matter. First we are going to discuss arguments which support the view that consumer culture creates modern identities. Secondly, arguments supporting the view that consumer culture is far less important than in the development of one’s identity. Before the question itself is addressed, some background needs to be drawn about this issue. To be objective about this matter, it should be pointed out straight away that consumer culture is not the key aspect affecting contemporary identities. There is one very simple explanation to why this is true. Humans have been around for a much longer period of time than consumer culture and were successfully developing their identities even before consumer culture came about. Therefore it is definitely true that in the past, there were other things creating our identities sufficiently enough. The definition of identity which Jodi Davis finds the most fitting is â€Å"My identity is determined by a complex mix of thingsâ€Å". The question however concentrates on contemporary identities. So is it possible that consumer culture managed to take over the power of all the other aspects of the creation of identity in the past 200 years? Some believe that the answer to that question is yes. In fact, Bauman argues that â€Å"The roads to self-identity, to a place in society, to a life in a form recognisable as that of meaningful living, all require daily visits to the market place†. Similarly, Featherstone states that â€Å"criteria for the good life revolve around the desire to enlarge one’s self, the quests for new tastes, and sensations, to explore more and more possibilities†. (Featherstone, pg 67) Therefore many people would be happy to say that in today’s society, consumer culture has an enormous effect on our identities. To some extent, this is true. Jagger even believes that â€Å"we become what we consume†. (Jagger, pg 45) To explain why this is true, the term â€Å"floating signifiers† needs to be explained. It refers to the fact that these days, all products and brands have a certain meaning/story behind them. People buy them because of these images they carry with them, rather than the actual use of the product. This leads us to the use vs. exchange value question. It could be argued that this was one of the main changes which caused consumerism to expand so much. Basically Use vs. Exchange conflict refers to the fact that at a certain point, people stopped buying goods for their use value and started buying them for their exchange value. Material goods are used as communicators, not utilities. (Featherstone, pg 84) Today, consumerism has reached such level of success, that people no longer buy things because they need them, but because they like this image that products give them. â€Å"Consumption, then, must not be understood as the consumption of use-values, a material utility but primarily as consumption of signs. †(Featherstone, pg 85) This way, the things we buy, create our identity, because people judge us based on what the products we use say about us. In today’s society of strangers, it is the only way to judge a person at the first sight. So for example if someone was to drive a Ferrari, people would think of him as a successful individual. This assumption would be based on the fact that to be able to afford this kind of car, the individual must be very rich. Also the brand itself gives him the image of a young successful man. This shows that automatically, without even speaking to people or getting to know them, they already judge us based on our appearance. Obviously we all want to be liked and accepted by others so we try to fulfil their expectations of us. We attempt to â€Å"live up to (but not above) the standards attached to the ‘social category’ into which we were born†. (Bauman, pg 27) These standards are also however determined by the media. Beauty ideals are set by TV, commercials and celebrities. They determine what’s â€Å"cool† and what isn’t. For example celebrities often act as beauty idols, so many women strive to look like them. This inner need to ulfil society’s expectation forces them to buy products which promise to make them look like a celebrity. Whoever does not at least attempt to fit in within these standards, or even worse, tries to do the opposite, might be stigmatised for it. For example over the past 80 years, it became very popular for women to shave their legs. It became so popular that nowadays, women who don’t do it are usually highly stigmatised. This all roots in consumerism, because the initial reason why it became popular was to force people to spend money on razors- which were until then unnecessary. Trying to fulfil these expectations creates our identity in a way. In most cases consumption of goods only affects our external identity but in some extreme cases it may even start to affect one’s internal identity. For example certain brands portray certain groups of people. So if one was to shop at Gucci or Chanel, one is expected to act a certain way. These brands carry the image of a very traditional, well behaved and upper class individual. So anyone wearing Gucci or Chanel strives to live up to the standards of these brands. That way one is already is changing his behaviour as well as his appearance, which is affecting not only his/hers external, but also internal identity. So really, when we think about it, the identity other people think we have, judging by our appearance, is very artificial and fake. This is because it is only created by the products we use, not by us ourselves. But then again, we choose which products to buy and it is us who decides how to look for other people so whatever we wear or look like, it is a bit personalized by our taste and other choices we make. Campbell brings up an interesting point in his book. He says that consumer culture develops our identity because since there is now such an enormous choice of products, it gives consumers opportunity to define their taste. They are able to decide what they like and what not. Also, since shopping malls are so anonymous, customers can try on anything they like, just to see how that â€Å"role† would fit them. This also helps them to find the image of themselves which they want to portray to other people. (Campbell, pg 159) However others believe that consumer culture is far less important than other factors in the development of one’s identity. Jodi Davis divides identity into external and internal. External is â€Å"cultural classifications (nationality, race, religion and gender) as well as societal characterizations (family, career, and position or title)†. Whereas internal is â€Å"natural gifts, strengths, capabilities; the intellectual, emotional, physical and spiritual characteristics that comprise our uniqueness and innate talents and abilities; our basic orientation toward the world around us, our learning styles, how we process and organize information, and other predisposed tendencies and characteristicsâ€Å". Davis, pg 7) As we can see, there are a lot of things which define a person’s identity. And we were to look at them individually; we would notice that we were actually already born with most of the crucial aspects of our identity and therefore are not able to change them. Our appearance is one of the very few aspects of our identity, which one can alternate. Therefore if a person is not happy with his overall identity, one of the few ways in which he can change it is through consumerism. In fact consumerism and advertising often aim to make the customer feel like this. As the ads intimidated that anything natural about the customer was worthless or deplorable, and tried to make him schizophrenically self conscious of that notion, they offered weapons by which people could eclipse themselves†. (Ewen, pg 48) If a person dresses a certain way and uses certain products, he may be able to convince some people that he fits the standards set by media. As mentioned before, this is thanks to the fact that every product we buy tells people something about us. The image the product portrays might not be true, but just the fact that a person uses that product makes people believe it. Even though the second part of this essay attempts to support the idea that there are other factors affecting contemporary identities more than consumer culture, we should not forget its importance. The fact that consumer culture helps us to change the only changeable part of our identity makes it, in my opinion, even more crucial. Consumer culture is actually very significant when it comes to understanding contemporary identities. It is its products, which create the image we try to portray to other people and that way fit into society.

Law Exam Review

Or the victim choosing not to have a blood transfusion? * Court Ruling: * Guilty. Thin skull rule Those who use violence against others must take victims as they find them Blaue had to take the victim as a Jehovah’s Witness * The defendant is not responsible if the victim dies as a result of an unrelated event If his actions led to the event, he is still guilty R v Hummel (Stare decisis- lower courts must follow higher courts) * Summary: Judge Perkins did not follow a binding decision of a higher court (contravening the doctrine of stare decisis) * Perkins struck down a section of the criminal code, in favour of the defendant * The crown appealed, and judge Clements disagreed with Perkins, allowing the appeal * Shortly after, Perkins had another ssimilar case, and refused to follow Clement’s judgment. He once again adopted his own reasoning as in the previous case. * Legal Principle: * Decisions of a higher court must be followed because that is what holds common law to gether.Their decisions are â€Å"binding decisions† * It doesn’t matter that Perkins could have been more intelligent than Clements * Rulings of higher courts bind lower courts R v Ladue (Does mistake negate mens rea? ) * Summary: * Woman at a party died from drinking too much alcohol * Forensics showed that Ladue had sex with her after he died * He couldn’t be charged with sexual assault because he was dead * He was charged with doing an indignity to a dead body * Used the defense that he did not know she was dead, so he had no mens reaR v Bird and Bolduc (Doctor allowed friend to examine patient) * Summary: * doctor told a female patient that his friend was a medical intern * she gave consent for the friend to observe a medical examination * The fraud was as to the identity of the onlooker, not as to the act, of which she knew and understood. * Legal Principal: * Was consent obtained fraudulently as to the nature and quality of the act? * Court Ruling: * Boldu c did exactly what the victim understood he would do.There was no fraud on his part as to what he was going to do * Victim knew that Bird was present and consented to his presence * Innocent: the fraud had nothing to do with the act, but with Bird’s identity * If he touched her, it would have turned into an assault R v Campbell and Mlynarchuk (Stripper case, mistake of law) * Summary: * Campbell was convicted of dancing naked * Previously, Alberta supreme court made dancing naked legal * Campbell did not know that the Court of Appeal overruled it * Legal Principle: Mistake of fact is a defense to a criminal charge, mistake of law is not * Court Ruling: * Campbell’s mistake was one of law She coincluded that the decision of the judge correctly stated the law, which it did not * Although this is not fair, it is necessary in order to prevent ignorance of the law as a defense * Out of the sense of justice, (naked dancing is not a prevalent problem), Campbell got an absolut e discharge * Mistake of fact is a defense to a criminal charge, mistake of law is not R v Keegstra (Freedom of speech vs hate speech) * Summary: Keegstra was a schoolteacher who taught his sstudents anti-Semitism and expected them to use his teachings on exams. If they didn’t, their marks suffered * A few months after a paren't complained, Mr. Keegstra was dismissed * Legal Principle: * S. 319 bans promoting hatred against an identifiable group * Charter protects freedom of speech * Court Ruling: * Court of Appeal states it was protected under s. 319 2(b), which protects innocent and imprudent speech (people who think that their hate speech is actually true) * Majority: Failed the Oakes proportionality test.Hate propaganda contributes little to the quest for truth, or the protection and fostering of a vibrant democracy The infringement was justified R v Rabey (Automatism) * Summary: * Stabbed a woman after finding out that she doesn’t like him * Used the defense of no n-insane automatism, stating that he had a blackout due to his rage (powerful emotional shock) * Legal Principle: * Was his dissociative state due to a disease of the mind? * Court Ruling: * His automatism was insane * Ordinary stresses and disappointments of life do not explain the mind alfunctioning * Rabey’s emotional stress from the girl’s rejection is not reasonable It was due to his psychological or emotional make-up, thus constituting â€Å"disease of the mind† R v Ruzic (Duress) * Summary: * Ruzic landed in Pearson airport with 2 kilos of heroin and a fake passport * She used the defense of duress, because a man in Serbia would kill her mother if she didn’t listen to him

Diet Recommendations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diet Recommendations - Essay Example Another vitamin that aids my immune system D. This functions to reduce inflammation in the body. Vitamin E is another vitamin that supports my immune system. It functions by protecting cells against free radicals. As my diet is deficient in both these categories, I could improve this requirement by adding salmon, Swiss cheese, and tomatos. In terms of minerals, one of the important minerals I consume for my immune system is selenium. Selenium functions by aiding proteins that help the thyroid function and protect the immune system. Zinc, another mineral in my diet, aids my immune system by building T-lymphocyte cells that fighting invaders into the body. I can increase selenium by consuming more cashew nuts, as well as tuna. Finally, I can improve my zinc intake my consuming bran cereal and pine nuts. II. In examining my diet and other risk factors for cancer I recognize that there are a few elements that could be considered factors for concern. In terms of food intake one of the mos t important foods to avoid when possible are processed foods (Adams, 2007). I recognize that in many aspects my diet includes processed foods that could be replaced with more natural alternatives in an effort to improve overall health and long-term risk for cancer. In addition to avoiding processed foods, I recognize that another food I consume in high amounts is refined sugars and grains; particularly, I consume these elements, respectively, in the use of artificial sweeteners for coffee, and white flower for baking. Rather than consuming refined sugars in large quantities I could incorporate natural sweetener into my diet, or even use honey in coffee drinks. As far as activities, I recognize that extra time I spend directly in the sun can accumulate in skin cancer, and should remain aware of utilizing sun screen and staying out of the sun for prolonged periods. III. In examining my diet for hypertension and heart disease I recognize that there are a few elements that can potential ly contribute to these factors. One of the primary foods that contribute to hypertension is salt. While my diet isn’t extremely high in salt, I recognize that there are days when my consumption goes over the recommended levels to avoid potential risks for hypertension. In these regards, I can work toward limiting my salt intake to six grams per day. Another food that I consume that contributes to hypertension is caffeine in both tea and coffee. While I find it difficult to do without caffeine, I can make an effort to reduce my intake of caffeinated beverages. In terms of heart disease, I recognize that my consumption of eggs, which are high in cholesterol, can potentially contribute to my risk for heart disease. In all, my diet is healthy in terms of risk for heart disease, yet I recognize that I need to remain vigilant about not incorporating too many elements that could potentially contribute to heart risk. I also recognize that maintaining an active lifestyle, with daily p hysical activity is important for avoiding heart disease and hypertension. IV. In terms of my diet and general activities I recognize that there are a number of aspects that may potentially contribute to my risks for diabetes. One of the main dietary concerns I have in regards to potential risk for diabetes is through my consumption of processed meat ("Foods that cause," 2009). In these regards,

Foundations of Academic Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Foundations of Academic Writing - Assignment Example This paper examines the moral obligation human beings have towards other non-human animals within the ecosystem in order for them to enjoy their rights as living creatures. Animals are part of the ecosystem within which human beings live and thus, it is the obligation of people to conserve their surroundings. Preserving their surroundings in this context implies that they should strive to ensure the animals and other living things within that proximity are protected from any form of damaged or destruction to ensure perpetual lives hence save them from extinction (Linzey and Clarke, 2005). Biologically, human beings are regarded as the highest creature in terms of reasoning and making rational judgement thus they ought to preserve the other creatures that are under them. However, those creatures should not be subjected to uncouth activities for the benefit of man but should be guided in the best ways to live and interact with other creatures. The issue, of non-human beings being accorded rights, is both limiting to people and at the same time tends to defy the logic of common sense. For instance, with animal rights in place those who subscribe and pledge to uphold them should not use animals for food, transport, recreation as well as not harm them in any manner (Regan, 2003). It is right for a man to handle other animals with dignity and all the activities that they subject them into must be within a moral context. This will aid to solve numerous cases in which animals have fallen victims of torture in the name of satisfying the needs of man. For instance, it cannot be justified when a person loads tonnes of luggage on camels for transport purposes just because he/she can afford to own that animal (Regan, 2003). It is prudent to understand the fact that just like a human being animals also have feelings of pain, anger and even can die. Thus, they should be accorded with the utmost respect even in the event

International Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Expansion - Essay Example Using a common standard, which was gold in early times, a nation is wealthier if it possesses more gold. It receives gold for the products it imports and pays for its imports with gold. Therefore, the more it exports over those it imports, the more gold it will possess. The problem with this theory is that it excludes the fact that in some cases it is good to import. And if you completely refuse to import, the population would have to do with some consumer items (Richardson, 2007). In terms of business organizations, this theory was used by many companies in Japan after the second world war, to increase exports. Toyota started operations in the 1930s and was supported by the Japanese government during WWII because of the company's capability to produce trucks for military applications. Because of the scarcity of domestic resources at that time, the Japanese government stopped almost all imports. By 1945, after the allied forces won the war, Toyota was given permission by the US milit ary to start peacetime production. In 1957, Toyota set up a sales office in Hollywood and started selling Toyopets and Land Cruisers (Toyota, n.d.). However, even for Toyota, the purist application of the mercantilist theory was not effective. The design of Japanese cars were not those desired in the new markets they opened up in other countries. Toyota could not force the Americans to buy their Japanese cars, which defeated the purpose of exporting to increase exports versus imports. Instead, what Toyota did was to localize both production and design of its products. By 1967, Toyota had become a well-established automotive company in the United States (Toyota, n.d.). The Theory of Absolute Advantage theorizes that countries should specialize in producing what they are best at (Richardson, 2007). A country has an absolute advantage over another, if it can produce that good using fewer resources than the other (Absolute Advantage, 2008). In the 16th century the Swiss watch and clock industry was very active in Geneva and to this day, the reputation of Swiss watches is the highest worldwide. Geneva itself was already exporting more than 60,000 watches annually by 1790 (Swiss Watch, 2008). Switzerland's expertise in watch making may be considered as an absolute advantage. One of the most successful Swiss watch companies is Omega, founded in 1848 by Loui Brandt. Four years later, Omega was the largest producer of watches in Switzerland with 240,000 units produced annually (Omega, n.d.). "Today, seven out of ten people throughout the world are familiar with the OMEGA watch brand" (Hamel, n.d.). Omega has been applying the absolute advantage theory in its international expansion drives. Its absolute advantage is the reliably fine quality of its watches which has stood the test of time. However, that absolute advantage may be true for Omega as a brand, in general, but may not be applicable on a product to product basis. This is because other Swiss watch companies, and many other watch companies around the world strive to compete with Omega products to make their own brand the alternative choice. The Theory of Comparative Advantage, on the other hand, is an extension of the range of possible mutually beneficial exchanges. The theory says that it is not necessary to have an absolute advantage to gain from trade, only a comparative advantage. As long as one can produce certain goods at a lower cost, even if other

London heathrow Airport Passenger Process Mapping and Evaluation Essay

London heathrow Airport Passenger Process Mapping and Evaluation - Essay Example London Heathrow airport is operated and owned by the Famous BAA limited. BAA Limited is managed by ADI limited, which a universal syndicate is owned by Spanish Ferrovial Group. The British airways and BMI, together with virgin Atlantic primary use Heathrow airport is there Hub. Last year alone it handled more than 66.2 million commuters and about 1.48 million tons of goods. This paper offers a brief and critical overview of    London Heathrow Airport Passenger Process Mapping and Evaluation form broad planning and mapping perspective. It attempts to form comprehensive summary of the Heathrow airport based on its operation, transport, inspection, storage or delay services Airport process Before one travel with any flight company one has to follow some procedure which is the same in London heathrow Airport. The activities include: booking of air ticket, registering for a passport and then travel if all is cleared (retrieved from www. Heathrow Airport information.com on 26th November 2011).Additionally, before booking an air ticket one needs to first get a visa card from the country’s ministry of immigration and registration of persons so that this may help the government account on its people who have left the country, this action helps the embassy of the citizens of their country to monitor their citizen efficiently and to help them in case a problem arise ( (Monkman & McMahon 2007, pp 51-53) Booking of any air ticket may be done online. Clients have to select the type of flight whether local or international, provide the category of the passenger that is whether adult young child or infant so that they can make special arrangement early in advance after completing the booking send the e-ticket request form and wait for the email reply where you check on the fare and the means of payment instructed sent by the flight company these is then followed by taking a printout of you e-ticket (Heathrow Airport information). Heathrow airport has four main termina ls that serve as check in, at this point there is the immigration control/ passport control department, the department has the made to inspect passport and clear the passanger. At heathrow airport, there usually two queues at the immigration control,either for EU/EEA passport holders. After the immigration control point, the passeger moves to Baggage reclaim office. Hearthrow is a busy airport and it takes some time for the baggage to arrive. Then, the passager goes to the custom control department but if the passanger does not have laggage to clear he/she goes straight to green channel that lead to the terminal. At the terminal they queue and check for flight information which are available on screen. What the passengers ought to know before using Heathrow airport If a clients luggage is not checked they need to inform the relevant personnel. Furthermore, if they have not been issued with boarding cards please contact the airline authorities before time is over, also in case of del ay in processing your travel documents please inform the airline desk of arrival so that you may advised on what to do since if you don’t communicate you may be considered as one of the travelled passengers. This may result in problems in case of an accident since some passengers may be accounted as missing while in real sense

Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ten Ways to Create Shareholder Value - Essay Example Throughout his work, Rappaport emphasizes the need to capitalize on long-term growth strategies at the expense of realizing short-term benchmarks. The writer asserts that those corporations involved in responding to short-term strategies will eventually fail because of dynamics within modern commercial environments. Managers running such companies are obscured about the future prospects of an organization. Inasmuch as they concentrate on maximizing the momentary strengths of a company, they fail to take a glance at emerging opportunities and imminent threats. Since consumer preferences are bound to change and competition intensifies, then short-sighted company executives will have limited choices when trouble arrives. In order to enhance the aspect of practicability, Rappaport postulated 10 principles suitable for creating shareholders value in any given investment. Upon thorough appraisal, all these ten principles are based on ways in which companies can be made to realize increased future cash flows. In order to ensure competence, CEO’s must be thoroughly conversant with aspects of stock markets and forces influencing the value of securities traded within those markets. Thorough conversance on such microeconomic aspects will enable managers to become value-conscious and develop value-maximizing behavior in their professional undertakings. In most of the principles proposed by Rappaport, the main theme remains that managers should be encouraged by stakeholders, especially shareholders, in implementing long-term growth strategies. Encouragement can be achieved through reward mechanisms for both top and middle-level managers who demonstrate the strong commitment towards maximizing the value of the company.

Evaluating a Parenting Skills Program Case Study

Evaluating a Parenting Skills Program - Case Study Example Parenting skills can be determined by the use of the program’s P-value. Difference between the results recorded before and after using the program shows that the P-value is less than 0.05, communication reported 0.485>0.005, supervision reported 0.609>0.005, and organization stood at 0.286>0.005. Failures in null hypothesis indicate that after using the program, change is seen in all the groups. The program is very successful considering that 61.2% of the users were satisfied with it outcomes. The family structure does not play a significant role in developing better parenting skills. The use of the program can help parents experiencing different parenting issues. More male participants should be involved in the use of the program. Recommendations from the participants prove that the program has a high opportunity for adoption in the future (Gibson et al., 2000). Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical child and family psychology review, 2(2),

TOWER OF LONDON (LONDON) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

TOWER OF LONDON (LONDON) - Essay Example The Tower of London which is also known as ‘Her Majesty’s Royal Palace and Fortress’ is the royal palace of England which is made up of several buildings. The Tower of London was made in order to control and protect the whole city. The architecture is a complex that consists of several buildings and is surrounded by a moat and defensive walls. It is a significantly important landmark in London famous for the several features that it has. The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror and was marked as a symbol of oppression which was imposed by the new elites. The castle has been used for many purposes from being a prison to a royal residence. One of its most important features is that its Jewel House houses the Crown Jewels which include symbols of royalty, a collection of crowns, swords, rings, and scepters. These historical items and the layers of history which is related to the Tower of London is what make it significant since it was built and till today (Cline 14). The Tower of London was built in 1066 by William the Conqueror and it holds immense universal value because of its cultural features and qualities. Its finest quality is its landmark setting in the City of London which is suitable for both controlling and protecting the city. It is set as a gateway to the capital and previously as the gateway to the Norman kingdom. Its location was chosen strategically at the north-end of Thames River and it serves as a separation point between the powerful monarchy and the developing capital city. The tower served a double role as a protection provider for the city through the defence walls and structure as well as the structure to control the citizens. The tower was a very tall building and it was the highest in its surrounding till the 19th century (Parnell 32). The tower also served as a symbol of Norman power as it was built to demonstrate the Norman power. The Tower significantly represents the Norman Conquest of the 11th century more than

Compare and contrast these two newspaper articles Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast these two newspaper articles Essay The tabloid and broadsheet articles have the same topic but are written in extremely different styles. They are both in the same place within the two papers and are not on the front page. This shows they are not major stories. The lexis and syntax are different as is the graphology. The tabloids aim for target readers in social groups C2, D and E while the broadshhet papers aim for target readers in social groups A, B and C1. The tabloid paper uses the pyramid formation to lay out the pages. The headline is made the biggest piece of writting to grab attention. A pun is put in to get you to then read on. For Prince Harry they use His Royal Styness which is a play on words were they involve the story and how he is being punished by having to work on a farm. The tabloid then focuses mainly on the pictures which have been manipulated by adding in people that arent there to make Harry look worse so more people will want to read the rest of the story. The picture was superimposed and this sets you up for the following text. The writting its self isnt very informative and uses a basic lexis and syntax for wearing a Nazi uniform to a pals fancy dress party. this uses a more Colloquial language. The style is informal and the writer uses a semantic field of Nazis and pig farming. The tabloid also has small side stories and links that lead of in another direction, they have a story still involved with the royal family but moves of Prince Harry and on to the whole royal family when they have a survey about them. The writer makes the overall register quite playful and slightly mocking towards the Prince making him look less respectable Weed the plants (not that weed Harry) is put into embarasses him as he had been acused of doing cannabis before. The writting is more opinion based The rowdy royal than factual based and it doesnt state who the quotes are from in name a security resource revealed. Unlike the broadsheet paper so it shows that the tabloid paper is more factual. In the broadsheet paper the quotes seem more reliable because it says exactly who is saying it and it gives a short amount of information about who the quote is from Ian Davidson, the MP for Glasgow. This article doesnt exploit the story and use it as an excuse to mock Prince Harry. The writer Andrew Pierce puts in his opinion subtly. The writer makes fewer puns and uses fewer pictures and focuses more on the actual text. Pierce uses a more intellectual syntax and using a wider and more polysyllabic words recomendations, combination and commemorate. Pierce uses longer more complex scentences using more clauses the hearings, which will be televised, begin on February 7. The target readership is for people who generally enjoy reading, like those in social groups A, B and C1. Pierce took a different perspective on this story and didnt focus on Harry so much but spread the story wider to cover the whole of the royal family questioning them politaclly and morally. Plans by German politicians .. could cause further embarrassment for the Royal Family This shows that the braodsheet paper is taking things into more depth. The graphology is plainer with just the headline, the text and a small picture making you focus more on the actual text. The overal register is more serious and truthful. The broadsheet paper and tabloid papers are on two very different levels. The broadsheet is more in depth and formal, while the tabloid is more informal and uses a more colloquial language. This shows the different styles of writting used and the different layouts.

Communication Challenges to Modern Day Business Essay Example for Free

Communication Challenges to Modern Day Business Essay Communication is defined as the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual or electronic channels. Simply put, communication is the exchange of information between people. It is important to get feedback from your audience and vice versa for the process of communication to take place effectively. The feedback can be either positive or negative. It is any communication used in an organization with an intention to promote a product, improve service or with the intention to make a sale. This type of communication also occurs within the organization between the management and employees. It has purpose and a lot of attention is given to the details. Business communication has undergone a lot of transformation as a result of the growth of information technology that has changed the whole concept of communication. In the past, businesses had a model of communication that left very little room for interaction and conversation with the receiver of the message. Currently the model that works and is now used by most organisations is one that gives room to both conversation and interaction with the receivers. Communication is very vital in any organization. Like blood in our bodies, it is the channel that gives life to the organisation and without it, organisations would not be functional. Effective communication plays a significant role in the success of the business, as communication works to send information, control behavior and motivate workers. Today there are many more ways to communicate than there were just a few years ago and access to communication devices is almost universal in most businesses. Good communication means the intended message that is send is received by a group of audience without any distortions in meaning. This definition applies to not only personal communication among friends or relatives, but to business situations where you may be communicating with a co-worker one-on-one or in a meeting with several or more people. The key here is clarity Communication is also almost instantaneous. Good business communication is simple and easily understood, a rule often overlooked by managers and team members. This is especially important when preparing a document, speech or presentation that is a game-changer for the company. Simple and concise language wins over language that is obtuse and hard to understand. Business communication defines most organizations, resulting in effective marketing campaigns, productive interpersonal relationships among co-workers and successful customer service resolutions. Since audiences demand different kinds of communications in different situations and settings, effective business communication professionals understand how to tailor messages for maximum results. Several communication challenges exist within day-to-day business operations, especially with technology. Technology benefits organizational communication by lifting communication restrictions caused by time and distance. At the same time, the removal of time and distance as communication factors has led to the challenges of information overload and constant accessibility. The issue of constant accessibility has led to blurring of the lines between personal and professional lives. There are several barriers: Emotion serves as an obstacle to effective communication, as emotion can interfere with making rational decisions. Differences in culture can be a communication challenge for international businesses. Not understanding the language and customs of other cultures can lead to poor sales and public relation disasters. There are a number of recognised barriers in the modern day communication, many of which go unnoticed, that can and do effect the standards of communication a person feels comfortable with. Physical barriers are often down to the nature of the environment in which communication may take place but are not always interpreted by the recipient in the correct manor. For example an office door being closed could signify to a co-worker that someone does not want to be bothered, or is possibly in a bad mood, whereas the occupant of the office could have possibly closed the door due to a breeze or didnt close the door them self at all. This is an example of misinterpretation of actions brought about by the physical barrier of the door. Barriers like this can often present the risk of a ripple effect; in that the barrier in this situation could damage the recipients’ perception of the source by making the recipient feel outcast or shut out by the inhabitant of the office, which would set up the standings of a bad communicative relationship. Issues in communication can be disturbed when the basic mechanics of the communication method are damaged directly.

Information Of Wijaya Group Of Companies Information Technology Essay

Information Of Wijaya Group Of Companies Information Technology Essay The Wijaya Group Of Companies was established in 1977 with a limited number of employees to conduct the business. It has a history of over 3 decades today, and has created employment opportunities for nearly 1200 employees. The Chairman of Wijaya Group of Companies, Mr. K.R.G. Wijesundara came out with the initial idea of establishing this company with regard to apparel industry 30 yrs ago. As the owner of the company Mr. Wijesundara has faced a lot of challenges in directing the company to achieve its prime targets due to the continues changes in the external environmental factors which aroused from the newly introduced open economic trading policies to Sri Lanka at that time. The demand factors in the apparel industry changed completely and created many niche markets during this era, forcing Mr. Wijesundara to introduce many strategies and tactics in order to face these challenges and direct his employees continuously. Due to the correct controlling measures adopted, he was able to motivate his employees and carry out a friendly environment within the organization leaving a space for the employees to complete their individual tasks effectively and efficiently. The Wijaya Group of Companies was able to expand its core business to many new areas in the industry within a very shorter period of time due to the collective efforts by the employees of all categories starting from the top management to bottom level. Among its customers The Wijaya Group of Company, is well known as C.I.B Shopping Center today, and it provides many products under single roof, starting from imported as well as locally manufactured garments to other important house hold items. The prime target of this company is to invest in new business ventures and expand it locally as well as internationally, and as a result of this the management soon came up with the idea of specializing in some sectors and opened up special outlets for Sarees which was named as Wijaya Saree Mandhir. By the end of this year the Wijaya Group Of Companies, holds 22 branches in Sri Lanaka, and conducts its business based on a Divisional Structure headed by five separate Regional Managers from region s such as Western Province, Sabaragamuwa Province, North Western Province, North Central Province, and Central Province. This company has currently employed 21 branch managers, to direct the activities all around its branches. THE VISSION AND MISSION OF WIJAYA GROUP OF COMPANIES THE HIERARCHIAL STRUCTURE OF WIJAYA GROUP OF COMPANIES THE PROBMLEM IDENTIFIED THE ABSENCE OF ONLINE SELLING The Wijaya Group Of Companies currently holds the ownership of 22 outlets which includes Shopping Centers as well as special outlets for Sarees and Tailoring. As the management always tends to expand its operations in different sectors, today they are in brink of introducing its products to the global market. The C.I.B shopping centers have a wider variety of products ranging from garments to household items and today it holds a strong portion of loyal customers that shop in these centers regularly. At present the management of Wijaya Group of Company, is working hard on increasing the customer base they are holding currently, and the most common methods in use are the various marketing tactics which varies from Price differences to different Bonus Offers, through such measures the management has been able to attract customers continuously. But despite all this, our team was able to identify a problem which was a major drawback in this company, and that is the Absence of Online Selling Today we live in a highly globalized world, where each in every individual and a country is interconnected via Internet and as a result of this, selling tactics used by most of the organizations are moving towards a more web based structure. The marketing strategies used by most of these organizations are diverted to meet this new trend in order to achieve the competitive advantage over their competitors. Profit maximization is considered as a prime target in most of the organizations today, and in order to achieve this it is vital to approach a customer before the competitor, and provide updated information to them. A company can easily achieve this through online selling, where a complex procedure like selling can be done by a single click on the screen, rather than meeting different retailers, distributors etc.. providing many advantages to the customer as well as the company itself. Literature Review Internet Electronic Commerce The Internet The Internet is a vast public web of computer networks, which connects users of all types all around the world to each other and to an amazingly large information repository. It is been hailed as the new technology behind the New Economy. It allows anytime, anywhere connections to information, entertainment and communication. At present many companies use the Internet to build close relationships with customers, and marketing partners. Beyond competing in traditional market places, they now have access to exciting new market spaces. The Internet may help a business in the following methods. 1. Virtual storefront Sells physical products directly to consumers or to individual businesses. Example: Amazon.com 2. Information broker Provides product, pricing, and availability information to individuals and businesses and generates revenue from advertising or from directing buyers to sellers. Example: Edmunds.com, Kbb.com 3. Transaction broker Saves users money and time by processing online sales transactions, generating a fee each time a transaction occurs. Also provides information on rates and terms. Example: Expedia.com 4. Online marketplace Provides a digital environment where buyers and sellers can meet, search for products, display products, and establish prices for those products. It could provide online auctions or reverse auctions where buyers submit bids to multiple sellers to purchase at a buyer specified price as well as negotiate to fix pricing. Example: eBay.com, Priceline.com 5. Content Provider Creates revenue by providing digital content such as digital news, music, photos, or video, over the Web. The customer may to access the content. or revenue may be generated by selling advertising space. Example: CNN.com, TheStreet.com 6. Online service provider Provide online service for individuals and businesses and generates revenue from subscription or transaction fees, from advertising, or from collecting marketing information from users. Example: salesforce.com 7. Virtual community Provides online meeting place where people with similar interests can communicate and find useful information. Example: Fortunecity.com 8. Portal Provides initial point of entry to the Web along with specialized content and other services. Example: Yahoo.com, MSN.com Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce which is also known as e-commerce is a form of doing business via internet. It can be also known as the buying and selling processes supported by electronic means, primarily the internet. E-commerce includes e-marketing and e-purchasing. Ecommerce benefits both buyers and sellers in many ways such as ; it could be convenient, buying can be easy and private, it could provide greater product access to buyers, online buying and selling could be more interactive and immediate, it could be used as a tool for building good customer relationships, from the sellers point it could reduce costs, increase speed and efficiency, and also it could be more flexible way of conducting business. IT Based Solution Starting an online selling operation Implementation Issues Starting an Online Selling Operation The Wijaya Group Of Companies is a medium sized chain, which conducts its business as shopping centers and saree centers in five different provinces in Sri Lanka, and concentrates mainly in the apparel sector today, by providing imported as well as in house garments to varies levels of categories. Currently it uses traditional methods in selling operations and has not adopted itself to the latest method of selling, which is done through internet. Starting an online selling operation system and getting involved in e-commerce would benefit the company in many ways with the present days rapidly changing business world. Since Wijaya Group of Companies holds 22 outlets, they could build up an intranet which is an internal network based on Internet and World Wide Web technology standards. All the shopping centers therefore could be linked to one another. This system will help the chain to communicate and keep track of their stocks. Wijaya Group Of Companies could also develop an extranet, which is a private intranet that is accessible to authorized outsiders such as suppliers of the company. Suppliers could communicate with the company via extranet and supply products when needed and each shopping center may place orders when they reach a re-order level. This company could have their own lease line to keep connected to their most important suppliers. This company may start off their online selling procedure by launching their own Web site. This web site may include information about the chain, their products, and their branches, how to purchase a product online, payments, making orders, checking on new products, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. They could use banner ads which are graphic displays on web pages used for advertising and the banner should be linked on to the company web site so that the person clicking on the banner will be transported to the company web site immediately. They could develop a portal which is a web site or other service that provides an initial point of entry to the web pr to internal company data. This portal could provide its viewers with a directory of information on the internet along with news, telephone directories, maps, shopping and other services. They could also develop their own internal portals to provide employees with streamlined access to corporate information resources. CostWijaya Group Of companies will be able to sell their products directly to retail customers via internet, by passing intermediaries such as distributors or retail outlets. The purchase transaction costs could be reduced in great numbers by eliminating intermediaries in the distribution channel (disintermediation). The company could also reinforce re intermediation by shifting the intermediary role in a value chain to a new source. The benefits of disintermediation to the consumer are illustrated below. Rs.128 Rs.120 Rs.100 As this processes show, the selling operation of the company could be changed into a much simpler process if the company adopts the online selling method, by reducing the extra responsibilities of retail outlets and distributors which will help to cut down the costs. The company can use interactive features of web pages to hold consumers attention or to capture detailed information about their tastes and interests. The company web site can be a bountiful source of detailed information about customer behavior, preferences, needs, and buying patterns and the company can use this information to tailor promotions, products, services and pricing. The web site of the company could also obtain customer information by asking visitors to register online and provide information about them. These information along with the consumers previous purchases could be recorded in the company web site and the next time the same consumer logs in, the web page could greet him/her by his/her name (ex: Welcome Peter) and provide the consumer with products similar to the previous purchases. This system will motivate the consumer to purchase products more often from C.I.B shopping centers and will help build strong customer relationships. Communications and product offerings can be tailored precisely to individual customers. Wijaya Group of Companies can create a unique personalized web page which is also known as web personalization that displays content or ads for products of special interest to each user. Apart from these, they can develop their electronic payment systems and receive payments online, and could create blogs to gather customer suggestions, they could even use their web site and e-mail to customer questions and provide customers with helpful information. The web site may also have link such as push to talk for instance where visitors could click on and request for a phone call in case of any inquiry and the company should have a call center connected with this link to provide this service. STEPS TO CRATE AN ONLINE STOREFRONT SHOPPING CART PROGRAMME MERCHANT ACCOUNT (BANK) PAYEMENT GATEWAY E-COMMERCE WEB SITE SHOPPER The above picture shows the process of online selling. The procedure of online selling statrs with the creation of a website of the company and ends with a transaction which is done via credit cards. Get Signed Up with the Best Wholesale Distributors If a company plans to expand its operations to online, it is important to search for the best wholesale distributors, drop-shippers and sign up with them. In this case it is vital for Wijaya Group Of Companies, to complete this task first inorder to run the online selling process smoothly. These wholesale distributors offer the lowest wholesale prices around and drop-ship the products directly to the customers location with the name of the business on the box, so that it will appear to your customer as if the package came from the oraganization itself. This will be a brilliant concept for Wijaya Group of Companies as it will help to increase the loyality of customers towards their products. Build Up the Online Storefront Creating a website is the next major step in this,the company will have to create and register their own unique domain name. (eg : www.cib-shop.com). The company has to choose a reliable web hosting provider as well. After selecting the unique domain name,it is important to create and design a professional and profitable Internet Storefront that will entice visitors to buy the products on their first visit. Select a suitable E-Commerce Software It is important to select software that suits the needs of the company. Through this Wijaya Group Of Companies will be able to take and process orders. Recommended Software : Product Cart Software Select a suitable way to collect Payments A sophisticated payment method is a must in online selling. Most of the organizations accept the credit card system today as it simplifies the transaction to the customer as well as the company. Wijaya Group of Companies can select the system as it fits, and some of the methods used by other organizations are: Real time Credit Card Processing through a number of supported payment gateways, Offline Credit Card Processing (eg : A company can use their POS if they have retail stores), Checks, Purchase order, PayPal, Google Checkout etc.. Key Facts in Online Selling Choosing the Right Niche This is a vital factor in online selling. The products a company plans to sell through online has a greater impact on the final value of sales, and this could be only achieved by selecting the exact niche market. Even after selecting the correct niche market if a company fails to deliver the updated information through working hard and introducing new features to their site in a daily basis still a company will fail to meet the targets set by the management. The Wijaya Group Of Companies will have to consider this matter seriously, if they want to achieve competitive advantage over their competitors. They must be in a position to update information of the new products immediately to the site and present it to the customers creatively. In the physical world, niches are based on geography, but Geography is almost irrelevant on the Internet. So it is important for Wijaya Group to choose a niche small enough that they can dominate and maintain it through constant updates. High Production Value In a print catalog, production values refers to the quality of the paper and printing processes used, the number and quality of images, and the care taken with graphic design. High production values are critically important in catalogs, which have to convince consumers to buy based on a few sheets of paper. Production values are even more important on the Web. Consumers will not buy from an amateurish Web site. Most of the people who visit a site will still find the idea of ordering online unusual as it requires a number of special facilities. The management of this company will have to concentrate on this matter, because the site created by them needs to inspire visitors with confidence. It should say that it is a kind of company that does things right, and that if a customer order something from there, it will be a good experience for them. Promoting the Site Having a great Web site is not enough. The success of it, relies on how far the site is capable of bringing in people to it. But promoting an online store is different from promoting an ordinary Web site, because through an online store a company targets to sell its products. Earlier the only answer available for promoting a site was through a Search Engine that provides space for all kinds of products. But recently Internet Hubs like Yahoo! And MSN have created areas just for shopping, giving more prominence to frequently requested products. If a company plans to advertise its products and sell those before its competitors, it is important to make sure that the site created by the company appears in the first place as soon as the customer request for similar sites. A company can achieve this by using the key words which relates to the products frequently, as it creates a greater chance for the search engines to filter it out. So it is important for the management of the Wijaya Group of Companies to look in to this fact and create a site which can be easily filtered by the search engines. It is important to use these key words (eg : the word clothes) in a natural manner and give out the relevant information to the customer, without irritating them by using it repeatedly in each and every sentence and phrase. Emphasize the Services Online selling is becoming popular in a slow pace in Sri Lanka, and the number of uses who make use of this facility keeps on increasing in a daily basis today. As it is in the verge of growth most of the people who visit a store will still find the idea of buying online a little strange, so it is important to reassure these customers. The most powerful confidence builder is a top-quality site: high production values go to work directly on the visitors subconscious. But its also important to reassure visitors explicitly. It is important for a company to ensure the security level of their site and the transactions done, as it will have a great impact on the buying patterns of a customer, and if a company is capable of providing the required level of security, they have to highlight it and mention it to the customer clearly, and this can be considered as an emphasizing of a service provided by the company. Advantages and Disadvantages in Online selling Advantages Online shopping malls give an immediate online presence. Sector-specific malls can provide an effective route to your target market. Theyre easy to set up for people with moderate IT skills. You dont need to go through the process of setting up an  Internet  merchant account. You often get help and support in getting your store operational. Updating your subscribers can be done almost instantly through email. Visitors to your website can get up to the minute information on each visit. If you are having a sale, your customers can start shopping at the discounted prices literally as soon as they open their email. The cost of spreading your message is next to nothing. Emailing your subscription base is more often cheaper than sending a letter through the mail. Disadvantages The online selling operation would definitely benefit the company in many ways when comparing with the traditional method which is followed at present. But introducing the new technology to the company may be very costly from the companys point of view in terms of equipment, staff, buildings, maintenance cost, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It may be very risky and the results would be unpredictable. Going online and selling online will require more professional and technical staff and since the system will eliminate paper work, a great number of employees will have to be terminated from their jobs. Incase the system fails the company will have to face the probability of losing its existing customers. Online selling operations require a special online payment scheme. These Payment Schemes have a greater risk of getting hacked, so the customers will be reluctant to give their credit card information and avoid this method of online selling. There is a lot of competition for the products introduced by an organization. By the time your customer finds you, they have tried out other links. Unless they can find what they are looking for quickly, they are gone. Recommendations The Wijaya Group of Companies should not directly stop conducting its business in the traditional method instead they should practice a parallel strategy where both the systems should be conducted. The company should adopt its web site according to the changing environment and not just stick to the basics of a web site ( ex: add more links) The company could develop a corporate intranet for the key departments in the business. ( ex: Finance and accounting, Human resources, Manufacturing and production, Sales and marketing) In order to attract the customers it is important to update the information available frequently.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- Eating Disorders

Thesis Statement: Anorexia Nervosa effects a person both physically and mentally. Anorexia represents one percent of most prevalent eating disorder diseases. The word anorexia itself means, â€Å" lack of appetite†. Anorexia is an all-encompassing pursuit of thinness. The person effected by Anorexia has an absolute fear of becoming obese (Matthew 4). Approximately one percent of adolescent girls develops Anorexia Nervosa, a dangerous condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death. People who starve intentionally starve themselves suffer from an eating disorder. The disorder, which usually begins in the young people around the time of puberty, involves extreme weight loss. At least fifteen percent below the individuals normal body weight. Many people with the disorder look emaciated, but are convinced they are over weight (Matthew 5). Anorexia Nervosa has three Diagnostic Criteria. One is refusal to maintain body weight at or above normal. The other is, intense fear of becoming fat, even though under average weight. The last one is, Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self- evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of low body weight (Long 15). Anorexia Nervosa has two specific types, one is Restricting type and the other is Binge-Eating/Purging type. Restricting type during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has not regularly engaged in binge- eating or purging behavior. In Binge- Eating /Purging type, during the current episode of Anorexia Nervosa, the person has regularly engaged in binge-eating/purging behavior (Rockwell 10). Anorexia may not be noticed in early stages. The Anorexic usually chooses to wear layered and baggy clothes to hide the â€Å"ugly fat body† .An Anorexic may have ritualistic eating patterns such as cutting food into little tiny pieces and weighing themselves. These can be found in people who are on a healthy diet, but in Anorexics these behaviors are extremely exaggerated. Other warnings are deliberate self-starvation with weight loss, fear of gaining weight, refusal to eat, denial of hunger, constant exercising, sensitivity to cold, absent or irregular periods, loss of scalp perception of being fat when the person is really to this. Some other associated features are depressed mood, somatic sexual dysfunction, and ... ...l with in society. Two developed Anorexia after seeing a â€Å" movie of the week† where the main character was Anorexic. Mike’s ten year old daughter developed Anorexia after seeing â€Å"The Body Trap†, a program on Nickelodeon. These findings seem to exemplify along standing debate, if educational programs prevent eating disorders or contribute to them. This is not a scientific study , just a dad with some very disturbing news: Television programs dealing with Anorexia and / or eating disorder are triggering Anorexia in some of our children (Long 15). Works Cited Cottrell, Randall R. "Anorexia Nervosa." Grolier Wellness Encyclopedia: Weight Control. Ed. Robert E. Kline. Vol. 15. Guilford, CT: Duskin, 1992. 117. Long, Phillip W. "Anorexia Nervosa." Internet Mental Health. Jan. 1997. St. Joseph Medical Center. 19 Aug. 1998 . Matthews, John R. Library in a Book: Eating Disorders. New York: Facts on File Inc. 1991 O’Dwyer, Michael P. Student Eating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia. Washington, D.C.: National Education Association, 2005. Rockwell, L., Understanding Eating Disorders. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis. 2004

Business Assignment :: essays research papers

Business Name Business Address Line 1 Business Address Line 2 Dear Business Name: Over the past 50 years, your company has been a loyal supporter of the Morris County Senior Center. The contributions that we have received from your company have helped this center grow in many ways. Because of your support, we have been able to help Morris County’s Senior Citizens feel like they were young again. Recently, our non-profit organization has run into some financial concerns. The vans that we use to transport our guests are old and run down. Because of this, certain measures have occurred to the disappointment of our guests. Here at the Center, we serve the needs of Morris County’s 1,000 Senior Citizens. It is the only place where they can meet their peers, use a special library, avoid extreme weather and get a well-balanced meal. Most individuals come here by way of our bus system. These buses are used for various day trips to museums, plays, and similar functions. Occasionally they are used to transport the temporarily disabled to the doctors or pharmacists. As I’m sure you have heard, recent state and federal cutbacks have dug into our organizations budget. Also, two of our largest supporters have taken their companies else where which has also taken a cut out of our budget. Here at the center we have under taken this special fundraiser to raise the costs of purchasing three new buses. We figure total costs to be $84,000. This figure includes estimates on ho much the center could gain from selling the old vans. According to our estimates, the purchase of these new vans will be a much better investment than continually fix our existing vans which right now is costing us $300 a week.

Formalistic Approach to Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite) :: Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat Essays

Formalistic Approach to Ode to the Death of a Favorite Cat (Favourite)  Ã‚     Ode to the Death of a Favourite Cat is a very interesting poem especially when you begin to break it down using the formalistic approach to literature. This poem at first glance could be taken as just another story about a cat that drowns trying to eat his prey, the goldfish. As we look more closely we realize that the poem has so many more meanings.    The form of a poem is also a large component on the effectiveness. This poem has 7 stanzas with 6 lines in each. The third and sixth line in each is shorter and is indented. Thomas Gray used a rhyme scheme of AABCCB. The first way that an author can write his poem is by using a point of view that is either from the cat, goldfish, or a separate all together person, the observer. Thomas Gray chose to use the narrator approach. This use is very effective because it gives us the opinion of all of the characters involved. This also gives us a view of the entire story not just one persons perspective. Also the symbolism in this poem is largely effective. Gray doesn't simply describe things like green eyes. He goes into detail by using descriptive adjectives like emerald eyes, ears of jet, tortoise vies, snowy beard, and pensive Selima. The usage of these words adds to the ornamentation of the poem. The cat is also a symbolic character. She is described as a character that is somewhat closely related to what Freud describes as an Id. This is someone who is much like a two-year-old child. They only see what they want and go for it. In this person there is no sense of obstacles or that you might have to work to receive the prize this is not a thought in that person's head.    In this poem there are many examples of assonance . Assonance is a technique that repeats the beginning letters in a phrase to add emphasis. He uses phrases such as emerald eyes, golden gleam, and heedless hearts. This is effective because it adds to the use of metaphors and the distinction of the description. The structure of Thomas Gray's Ode to the death of a Favourite Cat is in order of events how they happen.

Police Powers

Legal Studies | Outline some of the power police have to conduct an investigation. How does the current system balance the need for justice with the rights of citizens? The law defines what a crime is and whether a particular act constitutes an offence. The responsibility for enforcing criminal laws and ensuring they are adhered to lies with the police. The police are a part of an executive arm of government and so are separate from the legislature who makes the laws and the courts that make enforceable legal decisions and judgements.The responsibility that police have is the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order, but most importantly it is the police that are responsible for ensuring the criminal laws are observed. The role the police have in the criminal investigation process is to investigate crimes, make arrests if necessary, interrogate suspects and gather evidence against the accused. Once all evidence is collected police will then present the ev idence for judgement to the court on behalf of the state, either directly or through a prosecutor.An example a newspaper article titled â€Å"tougher terror laws† gives us an example of police having power to enter a home without a warrant and re-entered after twelve hours during an emergency under new anti-terror laws. Labour and the collation voted together in the senate last night to pass the legislation, this then create a joint parliamentary committee to monitor the AFP (Australian Federal Police) and the Australian Crime Commission. After a seven day detention limit for someone arrested on suspicion of terrorism the legislation was disregarded.This is an example police not using a warrant to enter a home. The article was specifically about terrorism and creating new legislation for anti-terror laws; in this case the legislation did no pass and was disregarded. Since this case there has been much legislation that has passed for instants The Anti-Discrimination Act 2004 w hich includes amending the Crimes Act 1914 to strengthen the powers of Australia’s law enforcement authorities setting minimum non-parole periods for terrorism offences and tightening bail conditions for those charged with terrorism offences as well as other initiatives.To the Anti-Discrimination Act 2004 there has also been The Anti-Discrimination Act (No. 2) 2004, The Anti-Discrimination Act (No. 3) 2004 as well as Anti-Terrorism Act (No. 2) 2005 which this basically which amends the Criminal Code to allow for the listing of organisations that advocate the doing of a terrorist act as terrorist organisations, establishes procedures for preventative detention and control orders, updates the offence of sedition and other measures.Another example I have is also from a newspaper titled â€Å"DNA on demand† which basically talks about New South Wales police having the power to demand DNA samples from any offender regardless of the severity of the crime. The power was appro ved by cabinet as part of a legislative package focused largely on anti-terrorism measures. Police have been given the tools to fight terrorist and other criminals. Under this new legislation police will be able to demand a hair sample or mouth swab after any arrest no matter how minor. All police have to do is believe that the sample will link the offender to the crime.There are also other measures which include police being able to use spikes as a weapon against terrorism or major crime suspects. But the civil libertarians accused the government of creating a peace state monitoring every aspect of the lives of its citizens. Both â€Å"tougher terror laws† and the article above both obviously is about creating anti-terrorism laws and how there should be tougher laws to make Australia terrorism free and keep the citizens safe because everyone has the rights to feel safe in the environment that they are living in. Police Powers Police Powers INTRODUCTION Police powers are defined as â€Å"legal abilities to perform actions that would otherwise be legally forbidden; they are not duties to perform actions to which the law would otherwise be indifferent† (Shiner, 1994). Police exercise powers with respect to detention and arrest, search and seizure, use of force, and interrogation of crime suspects’ . The degree to which police exercise these powers vary from one case to another. A police force with unlimited power might be more effective, but it would interfere with the freedoms citizens to enjoy.Thus, one major problem permeates the whole field of police powers: how to frame the law to give police adequate powers to perform their law enforcement duties, while at the same time ensuring that such powers do not allow arbitrary and unreasonable interference by the police with the freedom of the individual (Lambert, 1986). Lambert (1986) has stated that, police forces are expected to use powers of c oercion to function efficiently. He acknowledges that powers to detain suspects against their will are essential elements of the investigative process.He also suggests that, there will always be circumstances, where police forces will need to stop and question people, search them and their premises or vehicle and take them to the police station in order to proceed with the investigation, if need be, by force. This would enable them to carry out their job successfully. This term paper looks at two police powers namely the power to detain and arrest and the power to search people and places to seize evidence that are essential to ensure order and pursue criminals, while protecting the rights of citizens.Canadian criminal offences do not all have the same degree of severity. Understanding the classification of criminal offences is essential before discussing about arrest and detention. Arcaro (Arcaro, Classification of offences, 2003), has classified criminal offences in two categories : 1. Summary Conviction: Minor criminal offences that include indecent acts, disturbances, trespassing at night et cetera. 2. Indictable:Major criminal offences that include first degree murder, infanticide, kidnapping et cetera. ARREST AND DETENTIONThe term arrest has been defined as ‘actual restraint on a person’s liberty, without that person’s consent’, and ‘physical custody of a person with the intent to detain’ (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003). It involves a statement that person is under arrest and may/may not involve physical touch of the person In Canada, The power to arrest is provided by the Criminal Code and other federal statues as well as by provincial legislation such as motor vehicle statues. An arrest can be made to prevent a crime from being committed, to terminate a breach of the peace, or to compel an accused person to attend the trial (Griffiths, 2007).Griffiths (2007) proclaims that only a handful of criminal suspec ts are â€Å"formally arrested† when they are charged with an offence. He claims that most of them are issued an appearance notice by the police officer or are summoned to court by a justice of the peace (JP). He states that, sometimes, the police have to respond quickly without securing a warrant from JP. Section 495(1) C. C states four circumstances where a police officer can arrest a criminal suspect without a warrant: 1. Find a person committing a criminal offence 2. Reasonable grounds that a person has committed an indictable offence. . Reasonable grounds that a person is about to commit an indictable offence. 4. Reasonable grounds that a valid warrant exists in the territorial jurisdiction in which the accused person is found. (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003) Two additional conditions apply to making an arrest. First, the officer must not make an arrest if he or she has no â€Å"reasonable grounds†. Reasonable Grounds has been defined by case law as â€Å" a set of facts or circumstances which would cause a person of ordinary and prudent judgment to believe beyond a mere suspicion (Arcaro, Arrest without warrant, 2003). A police officer must have reasonable grounds that an indictable offence has been committed. Second, the officer must believe on â€Å"reasonable grounds† that an arrest is â€Å"necessary in the public interest. † This is defined specifically as the need to: 1. Establish the identity of the person; 2. Secure or preserve evidence of or relating to the offence; and/or 3. Prevent the continuation or repetition of the offence or the commission of another offence. (Griffiths, 2007) In practice, arrests are usually made only in the case of indictable offences.For summary conviction offences, arrest is only legal if the police finds someone actually committing the offence or if there is an outstanding arrest warrant or a warrant of committal. The Supreme Court of Canada has held that a detention occurs when a p olice officer â€Å"assumes control over the movement of a person by a demand or direction that may have significant legal consequence and that prevents or impedes access to legal counsel. (Griffiths, 2007)†. Detention is a part of arrest, but a person can be detained without being arrested.Upon arrest or detention, the suspect can choose between exercising charter rights or not. According to Section 10 of the Charter, anyone who has been arrested or detained has the right to be informed promptly of the reason for the arrest or detention. That person also has the right to instruct counsel without delay and to be informed about that right. Suspects have a right to retain counsel but do not have an absolute right to have that counsel paid for by the state. When an arrested or detained person does not have a lawyer, police must inform the suspect of a toll-free number that offers free preliminary advice.They must hold off on further questioning to give the suspect an opportunity to access this advice. Failure to do so is considered as an infringement of suspects’ Charter rights. SEARCH AND SEIZURE â€Å"Search and seizure† is defined as the power of the police to search people and places and to seize evidence. Griffiths (2007) suggests that, historically, under the common law, the way evidence was gathered did not affect its admissibility in a criminal trial. This scenario was changed by Section 8 of the Charter which protects all citizens against â€Å"unreasonable† search and seizure.Section 24 of the Charter requires evidence from an illegal search to be excluded from the trial as is would bring the justice system into disrepute. As a result, conditions and requirements have emerged regarding prior authorization for a search. Generally, a search warrant must be issued. A search warrant is a written document that represents judicial authorization for peace officers to enter and search a specific place for specific items, and to seize those items that are evidence to the offence, if they are found (Arcaro, Search and Seizure, 2003).Arcaro (2003) explains that search warrants must be preceded by an application; they are not automatically granted on the basis of a request by a police officer. He states that, justice may issue a search warrant if reasonable grounds exist to believe that there is in a building, receptacle or place: 1. Anything on or in respect of which any criminal offence under any federal statute has been, or is suspected of having been committed, or 2. Anything that is reasonably believed to be evidence of an offence against the criminal code or other federal statutes. . Anything that will reveal the whereabouts of a person who is believed to have committed any classification of criminal offence; 4. Anything that is intended to be used for the purpose of committing any criminal offence, against the person for which a person may be arrested without a warrant. Essentially the warrant authorizes the search for and seizure of tangible, physical items that are evidence that proves the commission of any classification of offences under any federal statute.The general contents of a search warrant include applicant’s name and signature, the place intended to be searched, description of the items to be searched for, the offence that the evidence to be searched for will prove, and reasonable grounds for belief that the items are in the place (Arcaro, Search and Seizure, 2003). All of the above contents must be sufficiently proven to a justice. If one area is deficient, the application will be rejected. Box 4. 4 (Griffiths, 2007) illustrates a situation where Supreme Court expanded police practice with respect to searches.Police responded to an anonymous tip from a caller regarding young men brandishing weapons by setting up a roadblock, searching for weapons in cars leaving the club. While doing so, they seized weapons from an unsuspecting vehicle. These weapons were ruled out as evidence by the Ontario Court of Appeal in acquitting the two accused, as it was obtained by means of a blockade, which was unlawful since there had been no evidence that anyone was in danger and that the police had not limited their search to vehicles described by the caller.However, the Supreme Court of Canada overturned the decision, deciding that the search was justified. It was agreed that stopping any vehicles from leaving the parking lot of the club was a reasonable response. This example illustrates that the Supreme Court has adopted more of a law-and-order stance in recent years. Works Cited Arcaro, G. (2003). Arrest without warrant. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto: Thomson/Nelson. Arcaro, G. (2003). Classification of offences. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto: Thomson/Nelson.Arcaro, G. (2003). Search and Seizure. In G. Arcaro, Basic Police Powers (p. 353). Toronto: Thomson/Nelson. Griffiths, C. T. (2007). Police Powers and Decisio n Making. In C. T. Griffiths, Canadian Criminal Justice (p. 367). Toronto: Nelson Education Ltd. Lambert, J. L. (1986). Arrest and Detention. In J. L. Lambert, Police Powers and Accountability (p. 230). London ; Dover, N. H. : Croom Helm Ltd. Shiner, R. A. (1994). Citizens rights and police powers. In R. S. Macleod, Police Powers in Canada: The Evolution and Practice of Authority (p. 76). Toronto: University of Toronto Press . ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Formal arrest takes place when an arrest warrant has been issued against the criminal suspect. Arrest warrant is a document that permits a police officer to arrest a specific person for a specified reason. It is issued by the Justice of Peace. [ 2 ]. A document issued by a judge directing prison authorities to accept a person into custody upon his or her sentencing or a document issued by parole board to revoke an offender’s co nditional release.

Mini Assignment

If I were in charge of the Asian operations for McCain I would recommend starting a joint venture with an existing, established, well known Chinese potato company, for a year or so, or until McCain has the recognition and ability to stand on its own. Creating a Joint venture with an established Chinese company would give McCain the entry It needs into the Asian potato market. McCain would be able to learn the ways that companies handle business deals In China, as they most likely defer from business deals in other parts of the world, and will also Introduce McCain to future customers.Another recommendation would be to purchase a small, well known, Chinese potato company. This would give McCain access to the Chinese market through a company that Is already know, and has already created a name for Itself. I would make sure that McCain abides by all Chinese laws, and all customs, to the best of my ability. 2. When interacting with Chinese business colleagues, McCain might face challenge s with most, if not all, of Hypotheses culture dimensions.For example, when looking at power distance, Canadian managers at McCain could face challenges cause Canada has a much lower power distance than China, and workers may not feel comfortable with this power dynamic. A Canadian manager may try to get workers to work harder so they can achieve greater success, but Chinese power distance doesn't allow this; in China, one works and does not have aspirations that exceed one's position within the company.When it comes to individualism and collectivism, China has a much lower score than Canada (http://greet-hefted. Com/china. HTML). This might create challenges for Canadian managers because Chinese workers generally â€Å"stick together†. If a Canadian manager promotes one person from a collective group, that could create problems, so the manager must take that into consideration before making any decisions.Canadian managers may also face challenges with time orientation. China has very long term orientation (http://www. Acculturated. Com/greet-hefted-cultural- dimensions/long-term-orientation/), while North America has very short term orientation. This could created challenges for Canadian managers because they are used to workers wanting quick results, but In China It Is the opposite, and managers may not know how to handle that.

Natural Resources And The Politics Of Middle East Essay

Oil production in the Middle East has not only been a subject of geology or exploiting the lowest-cost field. Where exploration is performed and what fields are developed has been influenced as much by political as by economic factors. Until the late 1960s oil production and exports from the region significantly reflected the major western oil companies’ need to cope with the demands of the different governments in the Middle East, all of whom wanted to see more oil produced in their territories in order that they could get more revenue. The oil companies were as well concerned with the political stability of the regimes in the oil-exporting countries, the dependability of supply, the likelihood of the nationalisation of oil company facilities, demands over royalty levels and pressures to make use of and train local nationals. In view of the fact that then, what gets produced where and exported has depended on political and economic muscle within OPEC which efficiently determines country quotas. Iran was the first country in the Middle East in which oil was exploited with test production starting in 1903 and a key discovery in 1908. Under Reza Shah the country was politically stable, and the oil concession agreement which was signed with D’Arcy in 1901 on very positive terms was to run until 1994. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which afterwards turns into British Petroleum, was founded in 1909. Oil was not discovered in Iraq until 1927, however by that time Persian production was well established, plus a slow growth of demand, reflecting the fragile state of the international economy at the time, intended Iraqi oil exploitation was restricted in these early years. (Mohamed Rabie, 1992). Which oil fields were developed as well reflected rivalries in Middle Eastern interests between the major western powers. Britain, through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, had a virtual monopoly of exploration in Iran, consequently the United States had little choice however to look to Saudi Arabia on the other side of the Gulf, the one area that had not come under European imperial influences. In the 1930s the oil fields of the eastern province were opened up, plus the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) was formed by a consortium of leading United States oil companies. It was ARAMCO that developed the Ghawar and Safaniya fields in the Dhahran area which were to prove to be the largest and most dynamic in the entire world. ARAMCO carries on to account for most Saudi Arabian oil production and exports, although it was nationalised in the 1970s and the role of the American associate companies is now restricted to specialist support and marketing. There was huge resistance to attempts to take over the oil concessions awarded to western multinational oil companies. Conflicts between the oil companies and host-country governments over revenues date back to the 1920s and 1930s when oil started to be exploited in noteworthy quantities, however it was the Iranian government which was the first to demand control of production. After Dr Musaddiq consolidated his power as prime minister in 1952 he set up the National Iran Oil Company, a state-owned entity, to take over Iran’s oil from the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. This aggravated a two-year boycott of purchases of Iranian oil by the major western oil companies. Purchases were merely started again when Musaddiq was overthrown and terms were agreed which were satisfactory from the viewpoint of the oil companies. (John Page, 1999). In the meantime the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company had changed its name to British Petroleum. It was to focus on developing the oil fields of the Emirates on the Arab side of the Gulf, where the rulers were much more co-operative. It was this new orientation and the co-operation with Shell, the Anglo-Dutch company, which were to consequence in the major developments in Kuwait, Qatar and Abu Dhabi, and ultimately Oman. The increasing importance of the Arab Emirates as oil suppliers was not so much a reflection of the quality of their oil or relative cost factors, to a certain extent what mattered was the political environment and the security of oil supplies. Iran, and subsequently Iraq, had their exploration and production curtailed on account of their political intransigence. The beneficiaries were the Arabian Peninsula states that had their oil fields developed and exploited to a greater extent than might otherwise have been the case on the basis of geological decisions alone. (Nora Bensahel, Daniel L. Byman, 2003).

Book Report on the Blind Side Essay

The Blind side The Blind Side directed by John Lee Hancock was a visual text about a teenage boy named Michael. Based on a true story Michael, nicknamed Big Mike has grown up in a poor and broken family and goes to a public school where no one really cares about him. Growing up this way has left Big Mike emotionally deprived and lonely. Thanks to his Friend’s dad Michael gets the opportunity to go to a private school on a scholarship. Suddenly he has teachers that care about him and while his life seems to be slowly improving, Big Mike still uses other people’s washing machines in the Laundromat, does not sleep at home and stays at the gym at school because it was warm. The biggest turning point in this movie was when Leigh Anne Touhy sees Big Mike on the side of the road and lets Big Mike have a place to stay. Leigh is a woman that gets what she wants and it is clear from the moment she meets Mike that she would care for him. From this point Big Mike and Leigh build a strong relation ship, he ends up moving in with them and becomes a part of the family. Michael is a big man and one of the reasons he was accepted into the school was because he had the perfect build to play American football and by the end of the movie Big Mike was one of the top players and went on to have a career in it. My favorite character throughout the book was definitely Big Mike, I love how complex of a character the director made him. Appearance wise, Big Mike looked big and tough, he was the type of boy that you would walk the opposite direction when you see him on the street, but when you see him in the movie you discover how kind hearted he is. A classic example of this is when Big Mike is first playing football and he doesn’t tackle anyone because he doesn’t want to hurt anyone. He reminds me of a giant teddy bear that wouldn’t hurt anyone. But then as well as his kind heart if you dig deeper you can see the inner strength he possesses. From a very young age Michael is forced to look after himself and to get through it the way he did could only be done with utter strength. When most people are left with no one they give up but I admire Big Mike so much for turning to himself and doing all he could to make his life work. Not only is this but his loyalty unbreakable. To get Big Mike to tackle at the practice Leigh said to him to pretend that these guys were going to hurt her and his family and that’s when he finally tackled with aggression. You could see then and there that Big Mike would take on anyone that tried to hurt his family and those he cared about. To me it Big Mike is, for lack of a better expression, a total cutie. My favorite part of the movie is when Leigh asks Big Mike if he would like to be part of their family and Big Mike looks at her dead seriously and replies ‘I thought I already was.’ Throughout the whole movie it was this character that constantly impressed and engaged me and the fact that it was based on a true story just adds to this. One of the main ideas in the visual text The Blind Side is courage. Leigh Touhy shows courage when she takes Mike Oher from off the streets and gives him a roof over his head and someone to lean on. This showed courage in the best of ways and it couldn’t off been done to anyone else. Although Leigh’s family did not agree with having Mike there in the first place, then soon got to like the guy and really enjoyed having him there as another brother or son. It also took real courage for Leigh and Michael to legally adopt Big Mike as a child, get his driver license and help him get into the best school available for Mike to go to on a football scholarship. Leigh also had courage for going to her own friends and telling them about Mike. A conversation held with her friends is. Friend: â€Å"You’re changing that boy’s life† Leigh: â€Å"No He’s changing mine†. I thought that Leigh had courage to say this to her friends as Mike is not her own son yet she is taking care of him as he is the only child in the family. A quote from the film The Blind Side to represent Courage is â€Å"that’s why courage is tricky. Should you always do what others tell you to do? Sometimes you might not even know why you’re doing something. I mean, any fool can have courage†. This is saying that courage is important but it’s hard. You should do what you want to do and not what others tell you to do,  but the main point is that anyone can have courage; weather their big, small, tall or short. The text that I immediately thought of was The Dead Poets society and in particular Neil. The reason for this is in my mind I started to immediately compare the difference between Neil and Michael. As I previously stated Big Mike had to deal with the loneliness in his life and the way he did this was by turning to himself for support. I think the reason that Neil committed suicide was loneliness, by this I don’t mean that he had no friends, as it was obvious from the start he did, but that he felt like he had no support from those that mattered. If his dad had shown a slight interest in his acting career then Neil would have been satisfied but because his dad seemed not to care Neil felt like he had no one to turn to and no options. This is the difference that I see between Neil and Michael, inner strength. While Michael appeared soft throughout the visual text, to carry on living especially in certain points in his life took incredible inner strength and as much as I liked Ne il’s character I don’t think he possessed the same strength. Neil is kind of the polar opposite, on the outside he appeared to be strong and content with life but on the inside the way his father was acting slowly killed him inside. Both of these characters had parents that weren’t at all good at their job but it was the difference between the two personalities that ended with one dead and the other a professional football player.