Advantages and Disadvantages of the Materialism Essay

Greek Philosophy: materislistic approach of the presocratics advantages and disadvantages The advantages and disadvantages of the materialistic approach of the pre Socratic philosophers. Please support your points by referring to the texts in Kirk and Raven, and discuss at least three philosophers . The pre Socratic philosophers marked an epoch in human ideas. Although it might seem stupid to suggest that everything is made of water or that the earth floats on a cushion of air, these ideas came from the people who are responsible for the way we see the world today. The advances that the materialistic approach of the pre Socratic philosophers made to humanities understanding of nature was considerable to say the least. This essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the materialistic approach of the pre Socratic philosophers. It will start by dealing with Thales who Aristotle called the first philosopher. He can be seen as the catalyst of philosophy in ancient Greece. The essay will also deal with Thales’s friend and student Anaximander time and finally it will discuss Heraclitus. But first a look at something at the cutting edge of modern science that the pre Socratics paved the way for. At a place known as Cern in Geneva there is a machine called a large hydron collider. A machine that is expected to detect the Higgs Boson or God Particle as it is often called. This is the only standard model particle not yet to be observed and one believed to explain the origin of mass in the universe. You might wonder how this ties in with philosophy in 624 B.C., but it was here that people began their search for the Higgs Boson, although we did not know it by that name at the time. It was the pre Socratics who suggested that there was a basic substance from which all things are made and they who tried to explain what this basic substance was. Considering the lack of facility in around 500 B.C. to experiment and find what this material is made of, it is nothing short of astounding to see how close to the truth some of these philosophers got by using reason and their intellect. The idea that there is a single substance out of which everything is sourced known as material monism. It claims that the source of nature is something  physical and that there is only one such thing. It was in Ionia that material monism began. The Ionians â€Å"Within the space of a century Miletus produced Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes, each dominated by the assumption of a single primary material, the isolation of which was the most important step in any systematic account of reality†[1] The first of the Ionians was Thales of Miletus. The advantages of Thales’s materialistic approach were as follows: He revolutionised the way the ancient Greeks thought. He got them to recognize rational argument over all other sorts of authority and separated the natural world from the supernatural world.[2] Before Thales explanations of natural events were merited on aesthetic sensibility. The authorities for knowledge were poets like Homer who explained natural events with mythology. They claimed that divine muses inspired them and people believed that divine humanoid creatures known as the gods controlled nature[3]. Thales however understood that there were laws and routines that nature abided by and that events in the natural world could be predicted by observing the nature and using the information you receive understand it. Thales’s famous prediction of a solar eclipse convinced people to believe that there were patterns in nature which came about from natural events that could be rationalised. One of Thales main philosophical concerns was to find out what the basic substance of the world was. He believed it to be water. Why he believed this can only be speculated. We might see this as naà ¯ve but â€Å"From Thales onward, all inquiry into the nature of phenomena tended towards one end: The answer to the question, what is the nature of the whole? That is, what is the nature of the reality behind the phenomena? For Aristotle and therefore for us also, science and metaphysics begin together with Thales, the first man to have attempted to answer this question, and attempt an answer to this question, and therefore the first man known to have posed it†[4] To begin the search for a rational behind the natural world as Thales did was a giant leap for man kind. His ideas were refined by another Ionian who was probably a student of Thales. A man called Anaximander. Anaximander took the basic frame of Thales’s thought and put his own ideas into it. By this I mean he also believed that there was a source substance. However Anaximander’s materialistic approach had an advantage over Thales’s by â€Å"separating his explanatory entity from the entities that need explaining†[5]. Anaximander’s physis did not face some of the problems that Thales’s did, such as how is fire explained if everything is water? His explanatory entity was the focal point of his thought. He called it the unbound or apeiron. We cannot observe the Unbound but its existence Anaximander infers because of its explanatory role. This idea of the Unbound had solutions to two problems faced by Thales’s physis: 1) How does the basic substance give rise to the plurality of objects we observe around us? and 2)How does the world maintain itself?. His solution to problem 2) was: â€Å"the natural manifestation of physical law, imposing a lawfulness upon continually struggling opposites, and thereby maintaining equilibrium within the cosmos†[6]. And 1) â€Å"In Anaximander’s system the apeiron is both the source out of which everything derives and also the unifier within nature†[7]. I would like to also note startling evidence of Anaximander’s genius is his work in zoogony. â€Å"His intelligent observation that man (with nine months gestation and many years helplessness) could not have survived the primitive conditions without protection of some kind†[8] Shows for sight to Darwin’s theory of evolution. Heraclitus This essay will now deal with Heraclitus as his approach to answering what the nature of the universe was slightly different. The advantage of his philosophy was that it shed light on ideas that hadn’t been considered before. Heraclitus theory was that there was a law by which all things abided which he called the logos. He believed that everything was in opposition the strife between these opposites was what kept balance making all things one. He also claimed that everything was in a constant state of change, like a river is constantly flowing or in constant flux it is always the same river but always completely different. â€Å"Heraclitus’ thought possessed a comprehensive unity which seems completely new. Practically all  aspects of the world are explained systematically, in relation to a central discovery that natural changes of all kinds are regular and balanced, and that the cause of this balance is fire, the common constituent of things that was also termed th eir Logos.†[9] It is this idea of fire being that is the main disadvantage of Heraclitus’s approach. It is like taking a step forward with the logos and then going to steps back to the idea that one of the elements is the basis of all things. Although the idea of an all consuming fire does describe his Logos well it works better as a metaphor to describe the Logos than fire being the Logos itself. Conclusion To conclude the materialistic approach of the pre Socratics had many advantages. It was the catalyst for modern thought and it can be seen as the beginning of philosophy and science as we know it today. The use of rational argument over super-natural forms of authority showed that people’s thoughts could be progressed and altered by people to come after them. It is true that philosophy is a continuous dialogue that continues through the generations which has created a subject that can be said to define humanities search truth. The progression of thought because of this approach has lead to how we think today. The essay has outlined how Thales, Heraclitus and Anaximander made observations about the world that showed rational approaches to describe what the temporal world is. We still use this approach to find the Higgs Boson however we have the equipment to test our theories. It was a disadvantage of the pre Socratics that their theories were often far beyond their means of tes ting. But in conclusion the materialistic approach of the pre Socratic philosophers was a step in the right direction for philosophy. Bibliography: †¢ Kirk and Ravin, The Presocratic Philosophers A Critical History With A Selection of Texts (Cambridge University Press, 1957SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Presocratics.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/presocratics/ (accessed October 23, 2009) †¢ Kathleen Freeman The Pre-Socratic Philosophers A Companion to Diels, â€Å"Fragmante der Vorsackratiker† (Oxford Basil Blackwell 1946) †¢ Jonathan Barnes, The Presocratic Philosophers Vol. 1 Thales to Zeno (Routledge and Kegan Ltd 1979) ———————– [1] Kirk and Ravin, The Presocratic Philosophers A Critical History With A Selection of Texts (Cambridge University Press, 1957) .p.73 [2] SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Presocratics.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/presocratics/ (accessed October 23, 2009). [3] SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Presocratics.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/presocratics/ (accessed October 23, 2009). [4] Kathleen Freeman The Pre-Socratic Philosophers A Companion to Diels, â€Å"Fragmante der Vorsackratiker† (Oxford Basil Blackwell 1946) [5] SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Presocratics.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/presocratics/ (accessed October 23, 2009). [6] SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Presocratics.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/presocratics/ (accessed October 23, 2009). [7] SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Preso cratics.† SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/presocratics/ (accessed October 23, 2009). [8] Kirk and Ravin, The Presocratic Philosophers A Critical History With A Selection of Texts (Cambridge University Press, 1957) .p.142 [9] Kirk and Ravin, The Presocratic Philosophers A Critical History With A Selection of Texts (Cambridge University Press, 1957).p.212

The edocrine system

The endocrine system The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands which are positioned through the whole body. The endocrine glands pass their secretions of hormones directly into the blood stream so that they are always adjacent to blood vessels. Hormones are chemicals in the body produced and secreted in the body that regulate the function of a particular tissue or organ (Bing dictionary). These chemical messengers transfer information from one set of cells to another.Despite many chemicals being transmitted and circulated around the body via the bloodstream, each one only acts n the cells that are genetically programmed to receive and respond to its message. Hormone levels can be influenced by many factors including stress, infection and changes in the balance of fluids within the body. A gland is a group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals (http://kidshealth. org/parent/general/body_basics/ endocrine. html). A gland will select and eliminate waste materials fro m the blood, then process it and secrete the end product for use at another location in the body.Endocrine glands release more than 20 major hormones straight into the loodstream and from here they can be transported to the cells in other parts of the body. There are many major glands that make up the endocrine system and these include the: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body and the reproductive glands (testes for males and ovaries for females). The pancreas is also involved in secreting hormones which are involved with the maintaining of blood sugar levels within the body.The pancreas is also associated with the digestive system as it produced hydrolytic enzymes which aid with digestion. Neuro- endocrine system The nervous and endocrine systems control all the biological processes within the body and they can almost control one another. The nervous system can stimulate or inhibit the release of certain hormones while the endocrine system can promot e of inhibit nerve impulses. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is found in the lower part of the brain and is a collection of particular cells.It has key links with the nervous system and the endocrine system and has an important role in secreting hormones. The nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing certain chemicals that can timulate or supress hormone secretions from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is moderately small and is located at the base of the brain beneath the produced hormones that control other endocrine glands within the body. The hypothalamus can convey information sensed by the brain to the pituitary gland to make any changes that could be influenced by factors like emotions and seasonal changes.The pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is divided into 2 sections: Anterior lobe This regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. It also roduces growth hormone which stimulates the growth of bone and other body tissues. It also produces prolactin which stimulates mammary gland growth and activates milk production in females. Thyrotropin is another hormone produced and this stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Corticotrophin is produced which causes the adrenal glands to produce certain hormones.Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) is also produced and affects ovaries in females and stimulates the development of oocytes. It also affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of sperm. Luteinizing hormone (LH) affects the ovaries in females and stimulates ovulation, the formation of the corpus luteum and results in secretion of oestrogen and progesterone. It affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of testosterone. The pituitary gland also secretes endorphins. These are chemicals that act on the nervous system and allow us to reduce our sensitivity to pain.It also triggers the reproductive organs to release sex hormones such as testostero ne in males, and estradiol and progesterone in females which play a part in the menstruation cycle. Posterior lobe This releases antidiuretic hormone and this encourages reabsorption of water by the kidneys. The posterior lobe also produces the hormone called oxytocin and this helps induce labour and produces milk in the mammary glands of females. Another hormone produced in the posterior lobe is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and this helps with the darkening of the skin. Hull. R, Anatomy & Physiology for Beauty and Complementary Therapies, the Write Idea Ltd, 2009) Thyroid The thyroid is positioned in the lower region of the neck at the front and it produces a hormone called thyroxine. This is an amino acid derivative and increases the metabolic rate and heart rate. It also promotes growth within the body. Another development also, and helps with body temperature and plays a role in metabolism. Calcitonin is another hormone formed which targets bones and lowers the level of calcium in the blood.The production and release of these thyroid hormones is controlled by Thyrotropin and this is secreted by the pituitary gland. If a person has more thyroid hormones circulating in the blood stream, the chemical reactions within the body will occur much quicker. Parathyroids There are 4 small glands that are attached to the thyroid called the parathyroids. These release a hormone called parathyroid hormone and this adjusts the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is also formed in the thyroid. (http://kidshealth. rg/teen/your_body/body_basics/endocrine. html). It also decreases the level of phosphate in the blood and promotes the formation of calcitriol by the kidneys. Thymus The thymus gland plays an important role in the immune system and secretes numerous hormones. One of these is thymosin and this promotes the growth of T- Cells which are a type of white blood cell. (Hull. R, Anatomy & Physiology for Beauty and Complementary Therap ies, the Write Idea Ltd, 2009). Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are situated above each kidney and release many hormones that are important in the body.The adrenal glands are divided into 2 sections and each one has a particular function: Adrenal cortex The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that are essential in the body. These hormones are grouped into mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones. This produces corticosteroids that regulate water and salt balance in the body. They also play a role in the bodys response to stress and help maintain metabolism. The adrenal glands also produce mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone) and this acts on the kidneys.It regulates the mineral content of the blood by increasing blood levels of sodium and water, it also decreases blood levels of potassium. Sex hormones called androgens and oestrogens are also produced in the adrenal cortex and these have a small contribution to sex drive and libido. The adrenal medulla in innerva ted by neurones of the sympathetic branch of the ANS and can quickly release hormones called catecholamines. One example of this is epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and this produces many effects which are related to short-term stress response.It is also responsible for the â€Å"fght or flight† response which is triggered during times of stress. This increases blood pressure and heart rate (from own personal notes). Another hormone called norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) plays a role in the body's response to stress. It decreases the rate of digestion and stimulates cellular metabolism. Pineal Gland The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain and it secretes a hormone alled melatonin and this regulates sleep patterns in the body.Reproductive glands In males the reproductive gland is the testes. It produces a hormone called testosterone which regulates the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. In females the reproductive gl and is the ovaries. A hormone produces is estradiol which regulates the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. Another hormone produced is progesterone and this prepares the uterus for pregnancy and is involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females. PancreasThe pancreas is also involved in secreting hormones around the body and also links with the digestive system as it secretes digestive and hydrolytic enzymes. The pancreas produces 3 hormones. Insulin: this is secreted from the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and is secreted in reply to a raised blood glucose concentration. The effect of insulin is that is lowers blood glucose concentration to normal levels. The modes of action for this are that it stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood by the muscle fibres, liver cells and adipose cells.

Stop Hypertension Diet - 872 Words

Introduction The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is a diet often used in patients with high blood pressure. This diet is high in fruit and vegetables, low-fat dairy products, and low in animal protein, which has been shown to keep a patient’s blood pressure at a normal level (Taylor, Fung, Curhan, 2009). This healthy diet encourages healthy eating with low sodium levels, which is the key to lowering blood pressure. It is a nurse’s job to provide education and encourage a DASH diet in patients with high blood pressure, but there have been some studies that show a decrease in kidney stone occurrence in patients who are on this diet. Dash-Style Diet Associates with Reduced Risk for Kidney Stones In a study done by†¦show more content†¦al, 2009). Urinary Lithogenic Risk Profile in Recurrent Stone Formers with Hyperoxaluria: A Randomized Control Trial Comparing DASH-Style to Low-Oxalate Diet In 2013, a study was done by a group of doctors comparing the effects of the DASH diet to an oxalate-restricted diet in preventing kidney stones by monitoring the urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate (Noori et. al, 2014). They hypothesized the DASH diet would work better than the low-oxalate diet in lowering the urinary calcium oxalate supersaturation thus lowering the risk for kidney stones (Noori et. al, 2014). To test this hypothesis, they have a group of twenty people on a low-oxalate diet while the other twenty-one were on the DASH diet. The doctors collected 24-hour urine samples at the beginning and at the end of the study to test the urine calcium oxalate levels. As hypothesized, the DASH diet resulted in a decrease in calcium oxalate supersaturation when compared to the low-oxalate diet (Noori et. al, 2014). According to Noo ri et. al (2014), the suspected reasoning was the DASH diet included a high calcium intake which allowed for more calcium to be available in the intestinal lumen to bind with oxalate this resulting in more oxalate being excreted rather than absorbed. The doctors thought the reduced intake of protein in the DASH diet lead to a decrease in the oxalate synthesis thus leading to a decreased saturation (Noori et. al, 2014). With these findings, the doctorsShow MoreRelatedThe Height Of Dietary Methods For Stop Hypertension ) Diet Plan1558 Words   |  7 PagesThe DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet plan is the first which aims to avoid hypertension and, by doing so, to reduce the risk of various heart diseases. It is also an ideal diet plan to maintain good overall health. As a full-time student I frequently have little time to prepare a meal which is full of all the nutrients one requires. The DASH diet is a great way to maintain a healthy lifestyle and avoid any heart d iseases, even when living a very busy lifestyle, therefore I decidedRead MoreHypertension: Blood Pressure Measurements1062 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Hypertension 1 Hypertension Timothy L. McNeill Richmond Community College Hypertension 2 Abstract Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Blood pressure is summarized in by two measurements, systolic and diastolic, which depend on whether the heart is muscle is contracting (systole) or relaxed between beats (diastole). Normal blood pressure at rest is within the range of 100-140mmHgRead MoreHypertension In Nursing1340 Words   |  6 Pagespractices for treating and managing hypertension in comparison with the practice of health promotion and maintenance NCSBN category while addressing a clinical issue of hypertension and also suggesting a solution to the problem. Current evidenced-based practice guidelines for treatment of hypertension was created by a panel of the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8), whom reviewed peer-reviewed research and current practice to create guidelines. A hypertension management algorithm was createdRead MorePopular Fad, And Weight Loss Diets1499 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 14: Popular, fad, and Weight Loss Diets Taylor Skaggs Roll #735 Oklahoma State University Principle of Human Nutrition 2114 Sec. 007 The DASH Diet 1. Key concepts of the diet: A. What is the DASH diet, and who developed it? The DASH diet stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. The DASH diet was promoted by the United States National heart, lung, and blood institute. The diet was designed to help prevent and control hypertension. In addition to its effect on blood pressureRead MoreEffects Of Dash Diet On African Americans Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesEFFECTS OF DASH DIET ON AFRICAN AMERICAN HYPERTENSIVE ADULTS INTRODUCTION Hypertension (HTN) is a chronic cardiovascular condition that is characterized by high blood pressure. The blood pressure commonly abbreviated as BP is a measure of the force exerted on the blood vessels as the blood passes through them. The amount of blood pumped and the narrowness of ones’ vessels are directly proportional to the blood pressure (Mayoclinic staff, 2014). Hypertension affects 1 in every 3 adults in the UnitedRead MoreDash Diet972 Words   |  4 PagesSara Terry Nutrition Diet Paper High blood pressure, hypertension, effects more than 65 million people, or 1 out of every3 people. Another 59 million people are have hypertension which is a slight increase in blood pressure which can lead to serious health problems (Nhibi.nih.gov, 2013). High blood pressure is dangerous because it can harden artery walls, make the heart pump harder and can cause the brain to hemorrhage. If not controlled, the consequences of living a life with high bloodRead MoreManaging Hypertension Before It Will Be Too Late1505 Words   |  7 PagesManage hypertension before it will be too late This paper is the requirement for RN 101 class. The paper is from a Nursing Journal 2015 Volume 45 Number 1, Pages 28 – 33, written by Kristine Anne Scordo and Kim Anne Pickett, both are Registered Nurses. They explained in this Article about how to manage hypertension before it will be to late and can lead to cardiovascular disease. What is Hypertension? According to the research, Hypertension is a high blood pressure, a situation in which the arteriesRead MoreModified Calcium and Potassium Diets1194 Words   |  5 PagesModified Calcium and Potassium Diets Morgan Tilley West Coast University NURS211L The mineral that is the most plentiful in the body is calcium. It is mainly found in bones and teeth but also in plasma and other fluids within the body. Calcium plays an important role in blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and relaxation, cell membrane permeability and the activation of certain enzymes, along with protecting against colorectal cancer. The intake of calcium or dairy productsRead MoreThe Silent Killer is Hypertension Essay614 Words   |  3 Pages High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is the most common cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure refers to the force of blood pushing against artery walls as it flows through the body. High blood pressure can threaten healthy arteries and lead to life-threatening conditions such as heart disease and stroke. Hypertension is the leading cause of stroke and a major cause of heart attack. Hypertension is often called the silent killer because it rarely causes symptomsRead MoreGeneral Description Of Hypertensive Heart Disease1156 Words   |  5 Pagescontribute to high blood pressure, including a poor diet high in fat, cholesterol and sodium, lack of physical activity, or even a genetic disposition to the condition. With careful monitoring, a change in lifestyle, and possible medical intervention, a patient can get their blood pressure to normal levels and never experience further complications of the condition. (VanMeter, 2014) According to the CDC, 1 in 3 Americans have high blood pressure (hypertension), and nearly 1000 deaths a day can be attributed

Human Milk Versus The Motherly Instinct And Traditional...

Scientific medicine blamed mothers for both infantile disease and mortality, yet also â€Å"devalued motherly instinct and traditional knowledge†(Apple 167) comparing motherhood to a profession, stating that they needed to learn how to raise their children through the advice of a physician. Consumerism, child-care journals and woman s magazine s were all leading proponents from the late 19th century onward convincing mothers to buy a product which was not only â€Å"good for their baby† but also â€Å"recommended† by a doctor, such as finding an alternative to human milk versus the motherly instinct of breastfeeding. Mother s were essentially guilted into scientific motherhood. Product ads had stressed â€Å"the importance of scientific advice† (Apple 171) and were compelled to change the ways in which they raised their children because of the â€Å"perfect mother† pitch that was widely used. Young girls also received instructions in practica l child-care in school curriculum, such as the Little Mother s Club or Homemaking Clubs and, in turn, these young girls would instruct their mother s about scientific motherhood. Through the age s women who did not have the ability to procreate were often looked down upon from society and would not be considered a medical condition until the 19th century. In medievel England, an infertile woman was considered a witch and therefore punished to death for it with similar viewpoints expressed in Colonial America. Colonial America â€Å"viewed

1994 Mexican Currency Crisis - 4565 Words

The purpose of this report is to analyse the reasons for, the impact of, and the measures taken in response to the Mexican currency crisis of 1994-1995. The first objective is to assess the reasons for the crisis. Why did Mexico, a once immensely desirable investment destination become the bain of the international financial community following December 1994? The second and chief objective is to assess the impact of the crisis on the foreign exchange and stock markets. The report answers why the crisis adversely affected the Latin American market indices while the US market indices continued to rise. The third objective is to analyse the measures taken in response to the crisis by the Mexican Government and other international†¦show more content†¦The Mexican Government, in protecting its managed float, lost a further US$11billion in reserves over the following month (Joseph Whitt 1996). Throughout 1994, Mexico lost significant amounts of reserves trying to stabilise the exchange rate. In 1989 the current account deficit was US$6 billion; by 1991 it had grown to US$15billion, before swelling to approximately US$20billion 1992 and 1993. However, after losing US$1.5billion in reserves over three days in early December 1994, the Government decided to depreciate the Peso by approximately 15%. Within days the Peso plummeted in value as the Government abandoned its new peg, sending the country into the 1994 Mexico financial crisis (Joseph Whitt 1996). As the Mexican’s government access to the international credit market started to diminish, so did the investors’ confidence in their ability to redeem their investments in government backed Tesobonos bonds. Tesobonos are bonds issued by the Bank of Mexico, marketed predominantly to foreign investors and to be repaid in US$. The dollar denominated bonds which were due to mature in 1995 were unlikely to be repaid in full ($10 billion worth of Tesobonos were to mature in the first quarter of 1995 followed by $19 billion worth before the end of 2005) (JR, 1996 Arner, n.d). These two factors, the devaluation of the exchange rate in conjunction with the impending default ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Economic Impact of the Mexican Peso Crisis1568 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1994, the world saw the decline of the Mexican Peso, leading to what is now considered as the Mexican Peso Crisis. The crisis was characterized by the drastic decline in the value of the Mexican Peso. The Mexican Peso Crisis is considered significant because of its impact on other parts of the region, including Brazil. The following is a discussion of the causes and impact of the Mexican Peso Crisis. The events/causes that led up to the devaluation of the peso The Mexican Peso Crisis can beRead MoreMexico s A Financial Currency Crisis1677 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1994, Mexico had a financial currency crisis. This event was marked as the Mexico Peso Crisis because the Mexican government had devalued the peso currency against U.S. dollar rate in December 1994. The panic of the crisis required the intervention of United States and International Monetary system to help the economic system from collapsing. Before the start of the crisis, Mexico from 1988 to 1994 enjoyed a surplus of economic achievements. Mexico during that time was going through an economicRead More The Mexican Peso Crisis Essay1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mexican Peso Crisis This paper argues that the Mexican peso crisis of December 20 should have been expected and foreseeable. In the year preceding the crisis, there were several indicators suggesting that the Mexican economy and peso were already under extreme pressure. The economy bubble was ballooning to burst so much so that it was simply a crisis waiting to happen. Evidences Signaling the Crisis 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decreasing Current Account Deficit versus Increasing Capital Account Balance Read MoreU.s. Foreign Trade Agreements1394 Words   |  6 Pagesto allow foreign capital and foreign direct investment (FDI) to flow into its economy, and the external debt that had been hanging over Mexico’s head since the 1982 balance of payments (BOP) crisis was finally restructured. With the signing of the North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on January 1, 1994, a trilateral trade bloc was created in North America between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Foreign trade restrictions were eliminated and commercial agreements with other countriesRead MoreMarket Analysis : Currency Etf1234 Words   |  5 PagesETF s, investors have found it very easy and relatively inexpensive to trade currency ETF s to take advantage of fluctuations between currencies. Currency ETF s are purchased to track most international currencies including the U.S. Dollars, Canadian dolla rs, and Mexican peso. Currency ETF s aim to replicate movements in currency in the foreign exchange market by holding currencies either directly or through currency-denominated short-term debt instruments. Launched in 1996 the iShares MSCI MexicoRead MoreSwot Analysis : Latin America1265 Words   |  6 PagesETFs, investors have found it very easy and relatively inexpensive to trade currency ETFs in order to take advantage of fluctuations between currencies. Currency ETFs can be purchased to track most international currencies including the U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, and Mexican peso. Currency ETFs aim to replicate movements in currency in the foreign exchange market by holding currencies either directly or through currency-denominated short-term debt instruments. 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It was the first currency to use a distinct border and precise weight to guard against counterfeits, which made it exceptionally well known. The peso had been at 12.5 to 1 dollar for around 22 years, from 1954 to 1976. In 1976, the Mexican peso de creased from 12.5 pesos to 1 dollarRead MoreLeaving Mexico To Fin For Its Self Even With All The Debt1373 Words   |  6 Pagesfin for its self even with all the debt it owes was not part of the United States plans. They organized a way where they not only benefited but help dragged Mexico out of the mess they made. By teaming with two of the most powerful nations in world Mexicans would be able to grab hold or its own country and form a Mexico is a middle-class. businesses. As a result, modern Mexico is a middle-class country (Steffan, 2017). The World Bank estimates that some 95 percent of Mexico s population is in the middleRead MoreNorth American Free Trade Agreement1776 Words   |  8 Pagesimplemented January 1, 1994 with the purpose to encourage economic activity among the member countries. At the time, it established the largest free trade region in the world and included the elimination of tariffs, agreements on trades in services, and a dispute settlement mechanism for trade disagreements. NAFTA was highly controversial at the time, with many Canadian and American labor leaders expressing concern that many manufacturing jobs would be relocated to Mexican factories due to the low

Community Health Critical Reflection and the Learning Organization

Question: Discuss about the Community Health for Critical Reflection and the Learning Organization. Answer: 1. Social determinants of health are conditions where people live, work, grow, born, age and includes the wider set of systems and forces that shape the daily life conditions. The systems and forces include the systems and economic policies social norms, development agendas, political systems and social policies. Experiencing the living conditions shape the health of a population rather than the lifestyle choices and medical treatments. A social determinant of health perspective is a view point that investigates and justifies the health condition of an individual or a group. Various factors are responsible for shaping the health and experiencing the living conditions that form the perspective. Decisions of the government in the public policy domains are also responsible for shaping the living conditions (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). The income that an individual receives through social assistance, family benefits and employment determines the availability and quality of affordable hous ing, recreational opportunities and social and health services that determine the living experience. From the perspectives of high levels of psychological and physiological stress, people suffer from adverse material and social living conditions. The prime reasons for these stressful living conditions are poor quality of housing, low income, inadequate working conditions, low income and insecure employment. Stress is further increased by mistrust, social isolation and supportive relationships and leads to prolonged biological reactions straining the physical body. Implications of policies should focus on the problem source for reducing stress and improving the conditions of living experience for the people by the decision makers and the elected representatives (Suhrcke Kenkel, 2015). The perspectives of income are the most important social determinant of health and the income level shapes the overall condition of living by affecting the psychological and physiological functions. Basic prerequisites of health like housing and food security are the social determinants of health that are determined by income. Lower income population is often faced by material and social deprivation and this makes them unable to afford the basic prerequisites. This also leads to the social exclusion of the people and they fail to participate in the recreational, educational and cultural activities. Consequently, it affects the health and reduces their ability to perform (McMurray Clendon, 2011). Policy makers and government need to address this concern by increasing the wage levels and providing support to the disadvantaged individual or group. Reducing income inequalities is also another effective step for improving the overall community health. Education forms another important social determinant of health perspective and more educated the people, more healthy they tend to be. Education level is connected and correlated with the various social determinants of health like working conditions, employment security and income levels. It becomes easier to raise the socioeconomic ladder with higher education for getting access to the economic and societal resources. When the literacy rate is increased, the understanding of self-promotion of health develops (Pockett Beddoe, 2015). People develop sophisticated skills and attain the understanding regarding the beneficial and harmful factors of health. Policy makers, therefore, should focus on developing a curriculum for the school students so that consciousness for a healthy life is attained at an early age. Support should also be provided to the underprivileged children who cannot afford schooling. 2. The society is benefited by taking action on a social determinant of health perspective in improving the health and wellbeing of the community. Since the social determinants of health can be viewed from various perspectives, it can be said that from each perspective, the society is benefited by taking action on them. From the perspective of stress, it is evident that physiological and psychological stress leads to straining of the mind and body (Marmot et al., 2012). Chronic stress leads to prolonged biological reactions and chances of recovery diminish under such circumstances. Therefore, to avoid diseases of the immune system and cardiovascular system, action has to be taken to reduce the stress. This can be done by improving the living experiences of the people by practicing healthy eating habits and taking up physical leisure activities (Chambers Walker, 2012). Healthy eating habits provide the energy to cope up with the daily stress and healthy living programs enhance the qu ality of life of the individuals. Taking up of physical leisure activities promotes the de-stressing and therefore, taking up of drugs is avoided for relieving the stress symptoms. All these factors enhance the living experience and therefore, a healthy community is developed. The perspective of income is the most important social determinant of health and therefore, influences the most in determining the health of the community. Meeting the basic prerequisites of health can greatly influence the health of the community and therefore taking action on this perspective can be beneficial for the society. Income inequality has been the biggest factor for issuing the health of the people based on income and balancing the income of the people can bring about a positive change. Progressive taxation can be an effective way to bring about the income inequality and this can bring equal health in the community by promoting the living experience (Keleher, 2011). Enhancing the levels of assistance and increasing the minimum wage of the people who are disabled or unable to work can benefit their health by coming out of their disadvantage. The educational perspective of social determinant of health is not only beneficial for the society in terms of earning bigger income, but also helps them to practice better and healthy living habits. Higher education facilitates to acquire greater knowledge on self-care practices and avoids the chances of getting indulged in poor health conditions. Therefore, action has to be taken to improve the educational status of the community as higher literacy rate is directly related to better living experiences. More resources are gained and greater ability is achieved with higher education and it is of paramount importance to attain healthier lifestyles (Benach et al., 2014). Taking the action at the school level education will be beneficial as it will be helpful for the individuals from an early age. In addition, appropriate arrangements for the schooling and higher education of the children of low-income families has to be done to promote the health improvement program at all levels of th e community and building up a healthier society devoid of illness. 3. The public health approach to healthcare is a powerful and unique way to address and perceive the local and national issues of health. It deals with the entire community and is focused on the health and wellbeing of the community dwellers. It includes interventions that are population based and aims at preventing an issue or health condition by limiting disability and death. The public health approach to healthcare has a number of roles and responsibilities that involve assessment, policy development and assurance. Assessment is the statistical analysis of the health status of a community by collecting data on the health problem (Drummond et al., 2015). Policy development involves the implementation of the scientific knowledge in the process of decision making and assurance makes sure that appropriate health services are received by the community dwellers. Social work is of utmost importance in public health response and this can be justified by citing two examples of public health where social work plays a pivotal role. Two of the cases where social workers play a major role are the prevention and transmission of HIV/AIDS disease and promoting the health of the aged population. HIV/AIDS is recognized as a global pandemic that has affected the communities and its dwellers worldwide and exerts economic and social implications (Baldwin, 2016). Social workers help to tackle the epidemic and counsel the patients suffering from HIV infection. Intervention is conducted by estimating the crisis of the situation by providing case management philosophies. They serve to educate the general population and the groups that are at high risk to develop the disease for reducing the risk of the infection. Social workers support the implementation and development of the health management programs including the prevention and educational strategies for m eeting the requirements of the HIV-infected patients (Shelby, Aronstein Thompson, 2014). They are responsible for advocating the lobby for just and equitable distribution of the available resources, support structures and services and provision of the essential medications. The aged population needs care for living a healthy life and social workers help them to stay independent and mobile. This in return increases the quality of life for the individual and their family. They provide referral services, counseling and assessment for the promotion of health in various settings for healthy living experiences of the older adults. They act to increase the research alliances and information sharing. Test interventions are implemented for improving the quality of life and ensuring better health for the older adults. They advocate the maintenance and development of the infrastructures of the community for safe accommodation of the older adults. This helps them to mobilize and get socially engaged that promotes their physiological and psychological state of health. Community competence is improved by the social workers that eventually helps the older population to enhance their health literacy and supports them to practice healthy behaviors (Payne, 2014). Social workers also work towards community management for making the community a better place to live for the seniors. They work to reduce the potential barriers for the elderly existing in the neighborhood for the promotion of healthy aging like insufficient external lightings and poor condition of roads and paths. References Baldwin, M. (2016).Social work, critical reflection and the learning organization. Routledge. Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health.Public Health,35(1), 229. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public Health Reports,129. Chambers, A.H. Walker, R. (2012). Introduction to health promotion. In P. Liamputtong, R. Fanany G. Verrinder (Eds.). Health, illness and well-being (pp. 107-124). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Keleher, H. (2011). Public health. In H. Keleher C. MacDougall (Eds.). Understanding health (3rd ed., pp. 17-32) South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Marmot, M., Allen, J., Bell, R., Bloomer, E., Goldblatt, P. (2012). WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide.The Lancet,380(9846), 1011-1029. McMurray, A. Clendon, J. (2011). Community health and wellness: A socio-ecological approach (4th ed). Marrickville, NSW: Elsevier (pp. 5-27) Payne, M. (2014).Modern social work theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Pockett, R., Beddoe, L. (2015). Social work in health care: An international perspective. International Social Work Shelby, R. D., Aronstein, D. M., Thompson, B. J. (2014).HIV and social work: A practitioner's guide. Routledge. Suhrcke, M., Kenkel, D. (2015). Social determinants of health: early childhood development and education.Promoting Health, Preventing Disease The Economic Case: The Economic Case, 237.

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